Mitigation Strategies and Solutions

The mere mentioning of an Energy Conservation Plan may seem like a project that is too big for many. What needs recognition, immediately, is the fact that there is a dire need for energy conservation, it will save lives, and eventually may even save the entire human race. The one thing that I think all will be in agreement with is how much money it will save households and businesses. â€Å"Today's human way of life works around consuming energy in many aspects of daily life because we use an enormous amount of transportation, heat, and electricity. † (Mitigation Strategies and Solutions – Energy Conservation, Robert Gill III, August 20, 2009). If Governmental and Human efforts are put forth, in large amounts, it will bring down energy costs as well as allow humans to become healthier in various ways. Over the last eight weeks I have come to the conclusion that almost all living creatures, be them big or small, have some sort of energy usage associated with them. Energy comes in all different forms and is converted from one form to another. Non-renewable energy sources are becoming more complicated to find, because of this, resources are getting more and more expensive. Some types of non renewable energy resources are oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear. These forms of energy come from the ground. There are several forms living and non-living factors that contribute to the excessive use of energy. The easiest way to describe them would be to break them down into descriptive groups or categories. These types are not all different; the use of energy can be done in many of these categories at once. The first category is the use of Kinetic Energy; this type of energy is used when something is moving. For example, a car in drive and rolling produces a large amount of Kinetic Energy, another form of Kinetic Energy use is an animal jumping, a cat leaping or pouncing from one area to another. Often in combination with Kinetic Energy, one can find Gravitational Potential Energy, when things are high in the air, or sky for that matter, Gravitational Potential Energy is in effect. The drop of a ball from your hand, is a great example of Gravitational Potential Energy, however, Kinetic Energy comes into play when the ball is on the way down. Another example of when Gravitational Potential Energy is in use is when a bird is in the act of flight, once again Kinetic Energy is increased too. Chemical Potential Energy is another form of energy, this type of energy is effective when chemical reactions happen. Gasoline has a lot of Chemical Potential Energy stored in it and this is what helps make automobiles go. Chemical Potential Energy is the make up of electrical and magnetic and Kinetic Energy of the electrons, molecules and atoms. Another form of energy is Thermal Energy, this type energy is present when something is heated up and it has more energy then when it is cold. All living things have thermal energy; a lot of them make Thermal Energy because they cause chemical reactions to take place. One of the most important or greatly used forms of energy is Electrical Energy, it can be found in all power lines, above or below ground. When currents flow through an object Electrical Energy is active, voltage deposits or takes it away. For example, the use of an iron, energy is deposited, when something needs a battery for operation energy is taken away. Then there is Magnetic Energy, if two magnets are forced together, they repel each other, energy has to be present in order for this to happen, the energy is stored in what is called a magnet field. Energy is produced by the magnetic field when the two magnets are brought together. Lastly, Nuclear Energy, the energy that is known for being extremely unkind to man; energy is released when the sun works by fusing light atoms together to make heavier ones. Atoms that have become heavy will decay or split which causes energy to release; this process is called fission (UIUC Department of Physics, Living and Non-Living Things with Energy July 25, 2006). There are many non-living things that contribute to excessive energy use; however, they are used by living factors, humans. For example, a major portion of energy consumption is used right in our very own households. The following is a list of items, but is not limited to, â€Å"space conditioning at 44%, water heating at 13%, Lighting at 12%, Refrigeration at 8%, Home electronics at 6%, Laundry Appliances at 5%, Kitchen Appliances at 4% and other uses at 8%† (Earth getting overcrowded-November 2nd, 2008-Sheree Bega). These percentages are all based on one household’s usage; imagine the numbers when all of our world’s usage is calculated. Energy is greatly taken for granted by many, most don’t even think or imagine that there is a possibility that we can run out of energy. Humans are responsible for the damage being done to our planet, and for the non-renewable energy depletion. We are in an energy crisis, which is a very big problem. People need to become more aware of this problem and try to do their part to help preserve the non renewable resources that we still have left and to also help the environment by recycling and watching the energy use at home and in the car. One person can only do so much, and we may never see a difference from one person making that change. But if several people started making changes to their life styles, then there is a big possibility that we could start to see a big difference. This is an issue that everyone needs to know about and take seriously. If we do nothing, what will happen to mankind as we know it? What will we allow are children’s futures to be like if we do not take action now?

Mousetrap Car

Law of Conservation of Energy said that Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. By winding the spring on your mousetrap car, you store energy in the spring as potential energy. This stored potential energy will convert energy into kinetic energy as the mouse-trap car begins to move. But there is friction and in order to overcome friction you have to do more work.Friction converts energy into heat and sound which takes away energy from your motion, causing the car to stop as its energy is turned into other forms. When designing a mousetrap car, there are two variables that truly determine the overall performance: friction and energy. If my mousetrap car has too much friction, the energy in the spring will be turned too quickly and my mousetrap car will not travel very far or accelerate very fast. The smaller the friction is, the farther the mousetrap will move my car.It your car has a force advantage, then your car will move super fast Law of Conservation of Energy said that Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. By winding the spring on your mousetrap car, you store energy in the spring as potential energy. This stored potential energy will convert energy into kinetic energy as the mouse-trap car begins to move. But there is friction and in order to overcome friction you have to do more work.Friction converts energy into heat and sound which takes away energy from your motion, causing the car to stop as its energy is turned into other forms. When designing a mousetrap car, there are two variables that truly determine the overall performance: friction and energy. If my mousetrap car has too much friction, the energy in the spring will be turned too quickly and my mousetrap car will not travel very far or accelerate very fast. The smaller the friction is, the farther the mous etrap will move my car. It your car has a force advantage, then your car will move super fast

The Cast of Amontillado Analysis

The story was written by Edgar Allan Poe and took place during carnival season in Italy in 1846. In the story the author used the first person narration style and this keeps the originality of the story. The reader get to know exactly what the protagonist was thinking because he was telling the story. So the effect is that he let the audience feel the main character which was Montressor. And this gives a better understanding of the story. We see that Montressor revenged Fortunato for insulting him. Through the story, there is no evidence of those insults. If we look at â€Å"thousand injuries† and â€Å"insult† from the text, we don’t see how those insults came about. The character didn’t change till the end. In fact the last paragraph tells hoe he achieved his goal. It is a good setting. In fact each paragraph described an idea making it easy to follow. On page seven, when he said â€Å"another draught of the Medoc† and â€Å"I broke and reached him a flacon of De Grave† we see and feel the scene going on. And another one â€Å"proceed†, â€Å"I said† too. The conflict in the story is Montressor having been wronged and willing to pay back. I was solved by the death of the antagonist. All the readers’ questions are not answered. In fact there would be a police investigation and montressor could be thrown to jail. And the story doesn’t say any of that. So the readers are still wondering. The shortness of this story allows the reader not to get lost. It helped stay on track and therefore have a better understanding. He focused on the essential. He created this effect also by the first person narration style. Like â€Å"I said†, â€Å"presenting him the wine† on page 10.

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example However, different leadership theories have covered different aspects of leadership. If some theories have evolved from the previous leadership theories then some theories also oppose the key concepts of the other theories. The purpose of this report is to critically compare the strengths and limitations of two different approaches to theorizing leadership as sources of prescription for good managerial practice in organizations. The theories which I have selected for the critical analysis include Transformational Leadership Theory of Bass and Contingency Leadership Theory of Fiedler. The contingency theory has been presented by Fred Fiedler. Fred Fiedler was born in 1992 and he was recognised as one of the leading researchers in the industrial and organisational psychology of the 20th century (Righthealth). The transformational theory has been presented by James MacGregor who is an American historian and Politian and born in 1918 AD and recognised as a Pulitzer prize-winning Presiden tial biographer (S9.com). Both the contingency theory and transformation theory of leaderships are considered very significant to study the effectiveness of leaders in the organisational contexts. When Fiedler presented his theory of contingency, most of the work has been done on the traits and behaviours of the leaders to enhance the group performance. On the other hand, transformation theory of Bass highlighted the ways through which the leaders would be more influential and impact their followers. The contingency theory argues that effectiveness of leaders is increased when the traits and behaviours of leaders best match the situation whereas, transformational theory argues that leaders can influence the followers if they convey the individuals the importance of tasks, get their focus on organisational goals rather than

Essay three Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three - Essay Example has made in its different facets, from education to the economy and other important aspects of the nations life, while also detailing the work that remains to be done, under the framework of the Constitution, to advance the socialist agenda (â€Å"Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China†). The first chapter talks about general principles, and establishes the socialist essence of the country, in terms of the common ownership of all power and property, the equality of nationalities, the socialist legal and economic systems, and the explicit allowing of foreigners in economic activities, among others. The first chapter also establishes the basic structure of government, and the division of the country politically into provinces, counties, municipalities and cities. The second chapter discusses the rights and duties of the citizens of the Peoples Republic of China, and the listed freedoms include freedom of speech and religion. Rights include home privacy rights, the right to work and to rest, the and the right to education. This chapter also states gender equality in human rights. Chapter 3, meanwhile, details the states structure, and this chapter establishes the pecking order in the structure to have the National Peoples Congress at the very top, with the Standing Comm ittee designated as the body give the power to legislate. The chapter outlines the various powers as well as the functions of the National Peoples Congress as well, to include the power of Constitution amendment, and to remove officials from power, including the countrys President and the head of the Supreme Court. The third chapter is the longest chapter in the Chinese Constitution, and also details many other aspects of the countrys government system, including mechanisms for the local government bodies under the power of the National Peoples Committee and operating at the level of the provincial and local level governments. Chapter 4, finally, establishes Beijing as the seat of the countrys

Business analysis of a restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business analysis of a restaurant - Essay Example The foods offered at the Straits Cafe are described in the elegant menus that are split according to meals, which include breakfast, dinner, brunch and dessert. The variety of foods served at the cafe ensure that the needs of all customers are met leading to customer satisfaction and loyalty, which transforms into high profits for the company (Yu 12). Location of the Restaurant The Straits Cafe is located in the heart of downtown. The mall in which the hotel operates is known as the Westfield San Francisco Centre. The Westfield San Francisco Centre is an urban shopping mall located in San Francisco, California (Roy 19). The mall is run by Westfielf Group and jointly owned by Forest City Enterprises. The businesses that surround the mall include Century Theatres, Bristol Farms grocery and San Francisco State Univerity. The Westfield San Francisco Centre operates between 10:00 am to 8:30 p.m. from Monday to Saturday, but closes at 7:00 pm on Sunday; however, the operation time for rest aurants and bars may differ (Roy 22). The Westfield San Francisco Centre attracts and retains major customers who find their way into the restaurant. The mall attracts more than twenty million tourists from across the world during all the four seasons (Roy 10). The mall offers a range of accommodations that meet all travellers’ needs. ... The Straits Cafe management team has witnessed additional visitors seeking accommodation in the restaurant. This has forced the hotel managers to hire an extra hall on the third floor of the mall that presently accommodates thirty-five customers. Competitors Stiff competition is one of the greatest challenges facing the Straits Cafe. There are several restaurants and cafes offering similar services in the Westfield San Francisco Centre (Roy 6). These include Hotel Palomar, Hotel Diva, Union Square Hotel, the Four Seasons San Francisco and Chinatown Hotel. Chinatown Hotel is just next to the Strait Cafe, and it offers almost similar products to Straits Cafe. Chinatown Hotel, however, has limited capacity; this factor gives the Straits Cafe a competitive advantage over Chinatown Hotel. This competition has led to the management introducing semi-private rooms and private rooms that attract customers who intend to hold private parties (Yu 16). Scale and Decoration The Straits Cafe occupi es a floor space of three hundred square meters. The kitchen and the bar alone occupy sixty and twenty square meters respectively. The interior of the restaurant has enough space and capacity to accommodate one hundred and twenty guests. The floor space is large enough to place thirty tables and leave passages between the sitting tables. The sitting arrangement is strategically planned by the management to avoid long waiting lists when customers place orders. The walls of the restaurant are beautifully decorated. The restaurant is equipped with high tech facilities that provide comfortable services to the customers. Adequate kitchen space enables the customers to pass through the cooking place and inspect the sanitation of the kitchen (Yu 22). This

Rhetorical and cultural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Rhetorical and cultural analysis - Essay Example Rhetoric and cultural/critical analysis will emphasize on the study of culture, public discourse and texts, and its analysis processes of the influence to the society in multiple media, including essays, books, mass-mediated, speeches and online public discourse. Different authors in multiple media use texts, videos, films, images and other sets of objects in media in order to express and bring out a message that will be interpreted differently with regard to culture. Context One message that has incorporated several sets of objects was the campaign advert of Ron Paul in 2012 when he was campaigning for GOP nomination. He made use of visual aid to pass on a message that would boost his polls in the presidential election. The visual aid made use of texts and video to create an impression in the minds of people. This advert was run on national television in the different media companies. Running the advert using television media achieved a lot compared to media’s like newspaper that many do not read in depth but are interested in the overview of the message. Using television to convey the message meant that the message would capture a large audience. In America, 98% of the households own a television set hence airing the advert would lead to lots of views (McDonough). Compared to the number of people who read text in newspaper the use of video was best suited to deliver the message. In America the people who read the printed newspaper are estimated to be at 23%. Main aim of using media is to pass on information and thus there is need to choose the best method (PewResearchCenter). The presidential aspirant also made use of newspaper to pass on his message in the campaign but the video is what created impact in the rise of his poll. The text and video are connected in that they both are being used to convey a similar message. Rhetoric Analysis The rhetoric devices identifiable in the set of objects used in the television and newspaper was the use of Enumerat ion. Ron Paul makes a details summary of the troops in the Middle East and gives a vivid description of the kind of lifestyle in the Middle East with the presence of foreign troops in the land. This vividness helps great a clear picture in the mind of the viewer. He has also made use of metaphors where he tries to compare the situation in the Middle East with the hypothetical situation in Texas. The metaphor is seen where foreign troops have come and positioned themselves in Texas and he says that the same situation in the Middle East. He has also used allusion to make reference of the promise made by President Obama during campaigns that he would get the troops of America out of the Middle East but he has not done that hence he has not kept his promise and thus he should not be chosen (O’Donnell). These are the noticeable rhetorical devices you will find in the video. There was also amplification or the use of the word revolution. His campaign was based on revolution and fre edom rhetoric to capture the audience through their patriotism. The similarity between the video and the text is that they are conveying the same message using the same rhetoric devices. The video and the text however have very different impacts to the society that the message is intended for. The Video was aired in

Livia 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Livia 2 - Essay Example This is evident since they do not disclose earnings form deposits although they account for around a third of bank’s total revenues. Although these bank charges may seem little, they are quite substantial considering the thousands or even millions of deposits that banks receive periodically. Banks however defend they action to levy deposits. They argue that deposits cost money to handle. These costs arise as a result of time and encumbrance to teller as a result of counting cash and also cost of transferring these funds. They also pay some fee to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. for holding large cash amount. However, this may be more rational if they only charged deposits that are in millions. It seems quite absurd to reason out that a bank like chase bank needs 40 cents to handle every $1,000 deposited exceeding an initial deposit od 7500. According to the author, Banks should not charge levies for receiving cash. They are only seeking more profits. According to my view, banks should not charge for deposits at all. This is because deposits are part of their sources for economics surpluses. Without deposits, banks would not be enjoying benefits on credit creation (Strahan, P.E. & Weston, J.P. pg. 835). Credit creation is the process by which banks loan out credit given to an individual over and over again (Saunders, A. pg. 89). This is because borrowers do not always withdraw the entire loaned amount or redeposit it back to their accounts for safety measures. Banks take advantage of this idle cash balances and loan it again although they maintain a reserve ratio just in case a customer need this amount. When this is done repeatedly, banks make extra earnings depending on a factor known as a credit creation multiplier. A second reason why banks should not charge deposits is simply to encourage deposit inflows (Rhoades, A. pg. 280). Deposits are sources of fund that are directly loaned out even

The public needs to know Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The public needs to know - Assignment Example lt care, pediatric, prenatal, immunization, care for adolescent, screening, and testing, a laboratory will be available and a pharmacy so all this will be available to meet the patients’ medical needs. Provision of services should cover all people in spite of their geographical location. The employees of these clinics should offer services with ultimate respect and dignity to both patients with no insurance. This clinic will be an independent hospital and should not be controlled by any organizational body (Wallace, 2009). A free clinic to serve the uninsured then volunteer nurses and doctors will be needed for a start and maybe part-time medical student to offer services. The community will also come and help raise the clinic any well-wishers can give their support to ensure the opening is successful, and all requirements are in place for effective running of services. Uninsured patients will be required to pay some fee for visits to the office. This fee should be patient friendly in that it will depend on their family size and income. Since the clinic will be taking care of the community needs, and then this is a clear indication that a patient is visiting the clinic willing since it will offer quality services that are affordable. The clinic will partner with other clinics so that in case they cannot provide medication, and then patients can be transferred to another equipped hospital to be treated. The opening of the hospital should ensure a balance between quality service provision and the number of patients (Eckenfels, 2008). The opening of this clinic will benefit a good number of patients in the neighborhood by not just providing the routine hospital services but also individual programs for the patients. Some of the programs include parenting teens with the help of partnering with the community, dealing with adolescents and providing them with advice and also taking care of homeless youths. Programs will be created to prevent subsequent pregnancies

Havoc Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Havoc - Movie Review Example In such cases, the immigrant is under the power of his/her spouse. Any of the individuals can become dependant on the other individual in any way. In such cases, the independent individual has a greater power dynamic. Power dynamic of an individual is also greater if he/she is more committed to the relationship than the other. Age also matters as the elder members of a relationship have more power dynamic. Therefore, the determinants of power dynamics make one individual dependant on his/her partner. Q.1B These dynamics can be translated into politics. It depends on the person having these dynamics. Like a colonizer, this person can manipulate his/her dynamic to draw the other individual deeper into his/her power. Male units can often be noted boasting about what they do for their family in front of them. The persistent reminder of dependence on her partner has a great psychological effect on the female unit. A colonizer wants to make himself needed and be envied of his power by the people of his colony. In intimate relationships, the dominant partner would not want his/her power to be envied by the other unit but the drive to assert the fact of one's being in power may cajole him to translate his/her dynamic to politics. ... Every person should know his limits and never try to mingle with the people of upper, lower or a completely different class. America's invasion of Afghanistan took a little time but even now it cannot be said that their invasion was successful. It is because the Afghan society is a classless society. They have never craved for other people's possessions and envies are very less in such societies. No ghetto boundaries are created except the ones which have been their even before the invasion i.e. between Americans and Afghans. A colonizer attempts to create these classes so that the people of a particular class can feel inferior or superior to the other class hence making the rule easier. Q.3 Alison and her friends believe that Hector and his friends are very cool and do a lot of drugs whenever they want. Especially after their first encounter, Alison is very impressed with Hector's world and is drawn to him. She saw that he had a gun and a teen-ager has this image in his/her mind tha t it feels great to commit a crime, run away from the police and get away with everything. Alison and her friends were never exposed to Hector's world before and lived in their own ghetto boundary which was away from the South. Similarly, Hector and his friends had lived in their ghetto boundary of the South who did not had to do anything with Alison and her friends. Hector and his friends thought that Alison and her friends showed up repeatedly to quench their sexual craving when they were doing so to fit in Hector's world and mould their lifestyle accordingly. Both groups misunderstood other group's intentions. Hector had been very keen to know what Alison wanted but she was unable to explain it to him.

A Contrast and Comparison Between Two Historical Bands Essay Example for Free

A Contrast and Comparison Between Two Historical Bands Essay Both Metallica and Ozzy have suffered tragedies in regard to their band members. In March 1982, Randy Rhodes, the lead guitarist for Ozzy’s band, died in a plane crash. This was not something that anyone, let alone Ozzy, would have thought would happen. Randy was afraid to fly, but he was convinced by the pilot of the plane that it would be a safe flight, and he would not perform any crazy stunts like he normally did when flying the band. However, the pilot couldn’t resist doing a â€Å"fly by† and when the plane buzzed by the home, the pilot got too close and the wing clipped the house causing the pilot to lose control and crash the plane. This tragedy devastated Ozzy; Randy was like a family member to him. For a while Ozzy was not sure he wanted to continue in the music business and almost ended his career. However, he eventually realized Randy would want him to continue and so Ozzy continued to make music. Metallica also lost a band member in a tragic accident. In September 1986, while the band was on tour in Sweden, the driver of the tour bus lost control causing it to crash and flip several times. Band member, Cliff Burton, was asleep in the back of the bus and when the bus began to flip he was thrown out of one of the windows. The bus landed on top of him and he died instantly. Cliff was the bassist for the band and they loved him like family, but they believed the band must continue so he was replaced. Despite continuing with their lives, the rest of the band will always remember Cliff, and he will live on in their hearts and also in their music. As with many heavy metal bands, Metallica and Ozzy have also dealt with alcohol and drug addiction. This led to legal and personal issues within their lives. Ozzy was banned from the city of San Antonio for urinating on the Alamo while inebriated. During another one of his drunken binges, he tried to strangle his wife, Sharon. Metallica’s problems with alcohol did not lead to expulsion from any public place, or any form of attempted murder, but at one point they did treat one of their band members, Jason Newsted, very badly. The explanation from every band member, for their mistreatment of him, is that they were mourning the death of Cliff Burton, and this was therapy for them. They did often treat him as if he were an outsider and not a true member of the band. They hazed him terribly and treated him as if he were their lackey rather than a true band member. On one the albums, And Justice For All, they went as far as to turn down his bass, so he is not even heard on the album. The hazing, drinking, and drug abuse lead to strife within the band, and contributed to Jason leaving. Eventually the lead singer of Metallica, James, went to rehab and spent three months working on getting sober. Both Metallica and Ozzy have been sober for over five years now. Another way in which the bands are similar is that both Metallica and Ozzy have had their share of controversy, furthering the belief in the heavy metal band stereotype. Ozzy was known for theatrics and stunts during his concerts which furthered the public’s perception that he was a devil worshipper. At one point in his career, Ozzy bit the head off of a bat at one of his concerts. It was thrown onto the stage and he maintains that he was not aware the bat was real until after he bit off the head. He also bit a doves head off, while intoxicated, during a meeting with some record company executives, furthering the belief that he is a Satanist. Metallica is not known for wild theatrics during their concerts but their behaviors after their concerts, as well as their professional dealings, have been a source of controversy within their career. They were the first band to sue Napster for piracy which really angered their fans. Their excessive use of drugs and alcohol, as well as their sexual promiscuity while married, also altered fan’s view of them. The drugs, alcohol and loose morals have all led to changes within the band’s lives. When Lars Ulrich and James Hetfield became parents, they decided to change their ways, become sober, and believe in more than money. When one thinks of heavy metal music and artists, they often think of devil worshipping and substance abuse. While in some cases this is true, that is not the case with Metallica and Ozzy. In fact, what most people do not realize is that both bands and their members are Christians. Ozzy always has been a member of the Church of England. It is well known that he prays before each performance as well as professing his beliefs in several of his songs. Metallica members are born again Christians and they profess this in many of their songs as well. While it is true that Ozzy and Metallica both have song lyrics that contradict their religious view. Songs such as Jump in the Fire by Metallica, with lyrics such as â€Å"Follow me now my child. Do just as I say. Jump by your will or be taken by force, I’ll get you either way†, are primarily for shock value. Many metal bands completely fit the stereotype of being drug addicted, alcoholic, and Satan worshipers. However, some bands, such as Metallica and Ozzy Osborne, have managed to overcome these addictions and are Christians. They love the metal sound, music, and beat and continue to make the type of music they are known for without the lifestyle of most metal bands. Both bands have had their share of controversy throughout their careers but have overcome this controversy and continue to have a large fan base, even after all these years. These two bands are very similar in many ways: they have stood the test of time and continue to have their fans despite some of the crazy things they have done. Metallica continues to make music while Ozzy now focuses more on family for various reasons, but their music continues to touch the lives of their fans, and no matter what happens, that will never change.

American Colonies and Separation from England Essay Example for Free

American Colonies and Separation from England Essay When settlers from England came to America, they envisioned a Utopia, where they would have a say in what the government can and cannot do. Before they could live in such a society they would have to take many small steps to break the hold England had on them. The settlers of America had to end a monarchy and start their own, unique, form of government. They also had to find a way that they would have some kind of decision making power. The most important change that the colonies in America had to make was to become a society quite different from that in England. By 1763 although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. During the mid-1600s England was a Christian dominated nation; the colonies, however, were mainly Puritans. When Sir Edmond Andros took over a Puritan church in Boston for Anglican worship, the Puritans believed this was done to break their power and authority. The Puritan church in New England was almost entirely separated from the state, except that they taxed the residents for the churchs support. The churches in New England had no temporal power, unlike the church of England. Many seaport towns like Marble head and Gloucester, became more religious as time pasted. This show of religious freedom was a way in which the colonies had religious toleration and differed from the Christian church in England. Unlike the well-defined social classes of England, the colonies had a streamline class structure, which gave individuals the chance to rise on the social latter. New settlers living on the coast could become rich by fishing and selling what they caught. If fishing was not a settlers strong point, then they could try their hand at farming. Getting the land to farm on was the easy part. The head right system gave each male 50 acres, and 50 acres to each indentured servant he might bring over. England could not do this because England so defined the social classes and they did not have enough land that they could give to every male and his indentured servant. In a similar economic revolution, the colonies out grew their mercantile relationship with England and developed their own expanding capitalist  system. The idea of a set amount of wealth in the world and that if one were to become wealthy, he or she had to take from someone who is already wealthy, is basically what mercantilism means. The colonies did not believe this idea in America. They believed that no matter who you were, if you had a good idea for making money you could do so, and without having to take it from someone else. This capitalistic spirit made many men very prosperous, unlike England who tried to force colonial ships to stop at England before they deliver their cargo. This would take money from the colonists and put it in the pockets of England. However, it did not work because the colonies figured out ways to make the raw materials on their ships into useable goods at the colonies themselves instead of at England. The colonies broadened the notion of liberty and self-government far beyond what England had ever envisioned. Through the years certain anomalies occurred, as colonial governments furthered themselves from the government of England. The governors of the colonies got power and certain prerogatives that the King had lost; the assembly of a colony got powers, particularly with respect to appointments, which Parliament had yet to gain. England was too preoccupied by the struggle between Parliament and Stuart Kings, to perfect effective imperial control over the colonies in America. The separation from England by the colonies in America took many years, but ultimately gave the colonists a real sense of freedom. Through small steps like, capitalism, self-government, and a fluid class structure, the colonies slowly, but surely, gained their independence from England. These changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of the transplanted Europeans.

Is Alcoholism A Disease?

Is Alcoholism A Disease? This paper explores ten published articles that report about alcoholism. There are two sides: alcoholism is a disease or not a disease. Most of articles agree with a statement alcoholism is a disease. However, some argue that alcoholism is just a treatable addiction and a choice. Also, people think alcoholism was named to help people recognize alcoholism is a serious problem. It can be compared to diabetes in a equal way that over eaters have a reaction to food and alcoholics to liquor. It is time to examine what the alcoholism really is and explains the reason of the result for people who believe that alcoholism as an addiction, not a disease. Alcoholism: Is Alcoholism a Disease? One of the serious problems in the United States is alcoholism. It is the concept of drinking a large amount of an alcoholic beverage and those people who cannot control themselves become alcoholics. Alcoholics should learn how to manage themselves from alcohol to live healthy and to avoid alcoholism. Alcoholism can cause bad habits and it may build to a more serious health problem later such as cancer. Some people argue that alcoholism is a disease concept and other believes alcoholism is a choice. According to Hobbs, the debate on whether alcoholism is a disease or a personal conduct problem has continued for over 200 years (2000). Now, lets discover what alcoholism really is. What is Alcoholism? To intelligently talk about the topic of whether alcoholism is a disease, the definition of alcoholism is necessary. When people talk about disease, they use the following three terms: disease, disorder, and syndrome. Mitchell (2001) explains the definition, symptoms of alcoholism and important way of recovery from alcohol. People who drink and do not become addicted to alcohol wind up suffering more devastating with the abuse of alcohol. According to Gorski, many experts and laypersons disagree about whether alcoholism is a biological disease or merely a bad habit (1998) but he argued that most alcoholics undoubtedly suffering from a biological disease and should to be treated accordingly by the management industry. Mitchell (2001) defined alcoholism as alcohol dependence syndrome and a disease characterized by loss of control, cravings, tolerance, and physical dependence. Glatt (1976) also said in Jellineks view, of his sense because physiopathological changes were involved: the lo ss of control and the inability to abstain varieties. These definitions are founded from Glatt (1976). Loss of control is the inability of stop drinking once it has begun. Craving means a strong need or urge to drink and tolerance is the require drinking greater amounts of alcohol to get high. Physical dependence means withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms were identified before the 20th century and people have been researched ever since. Alcoholics frequently are aware of the disrupting effects that they cannot or not willing to give up the strong physical and emotional dependence on alcohol. Mitchell further states, alcoholism is a treatable disease, the sooner a person is able to acknowledge a need for help, the better are his or her chances for recovery (2001). However, there is no guarantee people will quit drinking but will prove to struggle with alcohol in their everyday life. Alcoholism is a Disease Due to the alcoholism being defined as a fatal and continual disease characterized by physical dependence, tolerance, and pathological organ changes, it is a disease. The disease is many times fatal and progressive. Disease is characterized by uncontrollable over drinking, and alcohol use regardless of any consequence. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism explained, the craving that an alcoholic feels for alcohol can be as strong as the need for food or water and an alcoholic will continue to drink despite serious family, health, or legal problems (2008). Equal to other diseases, alcoholism is considered to be chronic. According to Gorski (1998), there are few different types of alcoholism. In the modern day, Dr. Benjamin Rush medical researcher studied alcoholism. The idea was discover an alcohol related syndrome of medical problems as a disease. His explanation of the symptoms was unfinished though. However, the inquiry began a procedure of alcoholism medical examination as a disease. In the middle of 1950, the medical examination concluded with the Yale and Rutgers schools of alcohol studies projects. These projects finally ended in a great significant part of information which created a convincing argument that alcoholism was in fact a disease. Congress of the United States seemed to be convinced and created the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to implement treatment programs all over the country. Overall, many people treating alcoholics never went back to the original source which clearly demonstrated an understanding of alcoholism; they divided alcoholism into five different subtypes: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Not all of alcohol problems are with the disease of alcoholism. These definitions are from Gorski (1998). Alpha alcoholics normally depend on psychological but without physical. Beta alcoholics are not physically addicted to the alcohol but related to physical health problems like liver damage. Gamma alcoholics are both physically and psychologically dependent on alcohol. Delta alcoholics are also physically and psychologically dependent on alcohol but drinking intensity does not increase. The epsilon alcoholics are same as the periodic alcoholic, one may have a period of relapses and a binge stays for a long time. Overall, gamma, delta, and epsilon alcoholics are disease. In past three years, the disease concept of alcoholism reviewed by Jellinek. According to Jellineks topology, gamma, delta, and epsilon alcoholisms met the criteria for disease. Therefore, not all but some of alcoholisms are consider as a disease. Alcoholism contains symptoms and the danger of increasing alcoholism is influenced by his or her genes and by lifestyle. According to Pace (2001), Dr. Charles Lieber treated a patient for pancreatitis and a heart problem. If the patient did not experienced from the alcoholism for years, he would not have these problems in his life. Doctors definitely could seek the medical consequences, even though the patient has been through treatment. Dr. Lieber always explains about the metabolism of alcohol to his patients. There are many different ways of breaking down alcohol used by the patient when alcoholic develops to alcoholism. We know that alcohol is eliminated from the body through the liver, which breaks down the alcohol to carbon dioxide and water. A normal liver cell produces two main enzymes. One is called alcohol dehydrogenase; it breaks the alcohol down to acetaldehyde, which is a poison. A good liver takes that acetaldehyde and with the help of a second enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, further oxidizes it, breaking it down with a very complicated metabolic process, to carbon dioxide and water. Thats how the normal liver breaks down alcohol. As long as this system is working there is no problem. (Pace, 2001) Dr. Lieber explained that the enzyme is produced by the nucleus of the liver cell, cytochrome, when anyone develops alcoholism (Pace, 2001). Cytochrome allows the liver to break the alcohol faster but the enzyme produces infinite number of the acetaldehyde which is very toxic to the liver and cannot clear from the body. As the result, not enough second enzyme is available to continue the process of breaking alcohol. Therefore, alcoholics should be educated of how alcohol affects their liver. Patients should realize that they are having metabolic defects which affect their livers due to alcohol. Once a liver loses the ability to breakdown, nobody can put it back to a workable liver. The brain is another organ in our bodies that is very involved with alcohol. According to Waldo, when alcohol or other addictive drugs are introduced into a body predisposed by inherited genetics to addiction, permanent biological changes occur in the brain (2000). Nerve cells that drive messages to the brain about feelings, thoughts, and learning are obstruct by alcohol. Also, alcohol interrupts the neurotransmitters that lead to brain shrinkage and it causes increased tolerances like aggressiveness. Animal studies showed that many brain chemicals intake depletes and those chemicals causes feeling of pleasure. Alcohol looses the chemicals that cause depression and stress at the same time. The imbalance of chemical in the brain may be responsible for alcoholism. Swartzwelder, a professor of psychology and psychiatry at Duke University Medical Center, said alcohol may retard teenagers mental growth (2001). Because teenagers brains are vulnerable, still growing and developing, alcohol is especially dangerous to them if they drink alcohol in that age. Many people believe that the brain stop developing after the birth but the newest research founded the result that the brain keep develops during adolescence until the age of twenty. In experiments of studying brain circuits, alcohol was effective to brain even after the age of twenty. Alcohol was effective on the function of a brain chemical which is critical for mental function. Therefore, alcoholics should understand how unique and important their brains are for themselves and everyone else surrounded them. However, instead of calling it a brain disease, it is more than that because the whole body is affected. For example, if anyone is drunk, his or her cerebellum gets interfered because of alcohol. Some of long-term effects are going on the nervous system. Hepatoma is very widespread on the alcoholic; colon and liver cancer are rare primary diseases. Therefore, Pace is saying that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ alcoholism is a disease that affects not only the brain but also the liver, stomach, kidney, intestines, and pancreas (2001). Alcoholism is not a disease Some people argue that alcoholism is not a disease. Dreyfus said, alcoholism was originally termed a disease in order to help people understand that it is a serious problem for which they should seek help (2003). Now, it is overused to the extent in the world that alcoholics wrongly assume that they have ill physically and require medical help to overcome alcoholism. The following research showed that alcoholism is a choice. According to the Baldwin Research Institute in the following viewpoint, the disease concept, alcoholism is based on fraudulent research and has no scientific basis. This theory has been spread by an alcoholism treatment industry that earns billions of dollars from treatment programs, insists the institute; however, it actually creates a reduced chance of sobriety for alcoholics. In reality, alcoholism is a choice; the best way for alcoholics to recover is to take responsibility for their alcoholism. The BRI is a nonprofit organization that conducts research and develops programs to facilitate recovery from problems associated with alcohol and other drugs. (Baldwin Research Institute, 2007) In addition, science and history proved that the disease of alcoholism is pure speculation. America medical professionals and culture embraced the concept of disease and they related it to all credible behavior from alcohol abuse to lecturing. However, the disease concept was a panacea. Therefore, researchers founded that alcoholism is a choice. According to Fingarette, the alcoholic is a tragic figure and deserves our compassion but the idea that alcoholism is a disease is a harmful myth (2001). The most persistent myth of the disease concept of alcoholism is that when a sober alcoholic gets a first drink, the effect causes a physical inability to quit. This is totally wrong. Alcoholics were deceived on what they are drinking. Those people who drink alcohol in reality, but were think that their beverage was non-alcoholic, got no effort to drink much. None of them drank uncontrollably even after they got alcohol. There is few myths related alcoholism. Hanson explained several myths about drinking alcohol and causes of alcoholism in the following. According to Hanson, alcohol is the cause of alcoholism (2008). The fact is that the governmental alcohol agency clarified, alcohol does not cause alcoholism and he continued. If alcohol causes alcoholism, then all of drinkers would become alcoholics. Additionally, the members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) are people who born in alcoholic who never caused by alcohol in their lives. In fact, anyone cannot become an alcoholic without alcohol but the members of Alcoholics Anonymous said that most people born and die alcoholics without having had any of alcohol. Thus, Hansons viewpoint is that alcoholism may present to someone who never had alcohol but alcoholism is a disease that caused by alcohol. Another myth is about the brain cells. Hanson explained the myth: alcohol destroys brain cells. In fact, the alcohol does not destroy brain cells. Alcohol is related with improved mental (cognitive) functioning. Therefore, those myths explained by Hanson might confuse everyone. However, alcohol originally brings bad health overall and one fact that people should know is that alcohol historically used for antiseptic, medicinal, and analgesic properties. Further, people who have emotional difficulties were saying the effects are sick and suffering from calling it a disease. Alcoholism and compulsive overeating are diseases like diabetics react to sugar in a same way as overeaters have a reaction to all kind of food and alcoholics to alcohol. Therefore, the individuals must carefully watch for intake. If people do not rigidly care the respective diets, they will get dire results. For example, if a person does not monitor for food intake, then there will be a chemical imbalance that might take to unmanageable health. Therefore, the theory explained that over eater is not normal but rather a person has a disease, is sick. The diabetic disease is something that the bodys failure to produce sufficient insulin. It is not the individuals fault to continue on the diabetic diet. It is manner of the bodys metabolizing alcohol which may be the disease, leading to the need for dietary control, the substance abuse, and abstinence. There might be a chemical or biological basis for compulsions; the disease model does not count as the compulsive behavior itself. It is accountable for the specific substance. Conclusions Numerous number of scientists and organizations continued work on alcoholism over two hundred years to find out what it is. Some people say that alcoholism was originally named a disease to help people recognize that it is as serious problem in the world for which alcoholics should seek help; however, alcoholism is an alcohol dependence syndrome and a disease characterized by loss of control, cravings, tolerance, and physical dependence. If a person cannot control the amount of drinking alcohol, he or she will get to alcoholism. Alcoholism brings very affective health problem to alcoholics. The brain disease may occur because there are important nerve cells that may destroy due to alcohol. The liver is another organ that is related to alcohol. In fact, not only the brain and liver may devastate, alcohol will spread out into the whole body and an alcoholics health will get worse overall. Alcoholism is a treatable disease though but alcoholics should realize having the alcoholism and s tart the treatment as soon as possible to have an excellent result. Therefore, there is no guarantee that people will deny drinking alcohol but the treatment probably will confirm to struggle with alcohol. Because alcoholism is increasing in the world and causes bad health, everyone should endeavor to prevent people who are reaching alcoholism. The disease concept of alcoholism needs to be over. All the alcoholics should take the best treatment for themselves to make the alcoholism not exist in the world anymore.

An Argument Against the Death Penalty :: Death Penalty Argumentative Persuasive Papers

An eyewitness to the execution of John Evans in Alabama describes this scene from the final moments of a death penalty sentence being carried out: "The first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans' body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flame erupted from the electrode tied to his leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead." It took three jolts of electricity and 14 minutes before John Evans was declared dead (Radelet, "Facing the Death Penalty"). Throughout history, various forms of executions such as this one have taken place as a punishment for crime. In 1976, the United States reinstated the death penalty after having revoked it in 1972 on the grounds that it "violated the Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishment" (MacKinnon, "Ethics" 289). Since its reinstatement, the morality of such punishment has been extensively debated. I argue that the death penalty cannot be morally justified on the basic grounds that killing a human being as a form of punishment is wrong. A major argument supporting capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crimes - specifically, murder. However, this argument requires that the would be killer would take at least a moment to consider what the consequences of murder within our legal system are. This assumes that the killer is capable of such reasoning, and that the crime would be considered before it occurred. In fact, "those who commit violent crimes often do so in moments of passion, rage and fear - times when irrationality reigns" (Information, "Capital Punishment" 107). Whether or not a murder or crime is premeditated, there are statistics existing that cause us to question how supportive an argument of deterrence can be. In 1989, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, appearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee said that if we look at other Western democracies, "Not one of those countries has capital punishment for peacetime crimes, and yet every one of them has a murder rate less than half that of the United States" (Information, "Capital Punishment" 110). The Information Series on capital punishment also says that states that FBI statistics from 1976-1987 show that "In the twelve states where executions take place, the murder rate is.

Censorship In School Libraries :: essays research papers

Censorship in School Libraries The most debatable and controversial form of censorship today is the banning of books in school libraries. Banning books that educate students is wrong and selfish. Censorship of books in school libraries is neither uncommon nor an issue of the past. Books with artistic and cultural worth are still challenged constantly by those who want to control what others read. The roots of bigotry and illiteracy that fuel efforts to censor books and free expression are unacceptable and unconditional. Censoring school books in libraries can often lead to censorship of our basic freedoms guaranteed in the First Amendment. In some cases, a minority ends up dictating the majority in censorship cases. To be told what is permissible reading material and what is not is a direct violation of the First Amendment of the Constitution. The First Amendment of the Constitution is the most important and debatable of them all. The First Amendment states; â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, of prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† Freedom of expression is an inalienable human right and the foundation for self-government. Freedom of expression defines the freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, association, and the corollary right to receive information. Human rights and intellectual independence; the two are inseparably linked. Freedom of opinion and determining what you want to read is not derived from or dependent on any form of government or political power. This right is inherent in every individual. The power of freedom cannot be yielded, nor can it be denied. True justice comes from the exercise of rights. Students enjoy going to the library and being able to read what they want to read, without any indecision. As soon as a censor claims a book should be censored, the student’s hope of reading that book is diminished. Censorship, ignorance, and limitations on the free flow of information are the tools of dictatorship and oppression. The "tyrant" simply chooses to pull that book from the shelves of knowledge, and the students right of the First Amendment is violated (Appendix A). Books like The Chocolate War, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and Of Mice and Men have been placed on the controversial bookshelf of many school libraries.

Essay --

Growing up in an affluent New Jersey neighborhood, Peter Balakian’s house can tell us a lot about his up bringing. Tenafly, New Jersey seems to be a common topic in Balakian’s memoir ‘Black Dog of Fate.’ Not only must we study the house, but also the relationships that are formed within Balakian’s household. His extended family is made up of physicians, merchants, and well-known literary authors. Arguably the biggest presence in Peter’s life was his Grandmother, along with his Mother and Father. One of Peter’s most vivid memories is of his Grandmother. He starts off his memoir with a lengthy description of her and her apartment, as if she were still alive when he wrote it. He describes her apartment as â€Å"mysterious and exotic after the suburban houses of Teaneck† (6). He seems to view her apartment as old fashioned (â€Å"it was a 1940s kitchen with long white cabinets, a white enamel sink, red-speckled linoleum cracking at the seams, and a coiled buzzing fluorescent light on the ceiling† (7)) and different then the houses he is used to in suburbia. Her apartment seems to be laced with Armenian culture compared to his Americanized home back in Teaneck. A tradition or at least custom that seems important to Peter and his life at home is his love for and following of the Yankees. The Yankees were a type of family bonding for Peter, and he even followed them with his Grandmother. â€Å"My grandmother and I followed the Yankees together, and by the time I was ten it had become an ongoing conversation between us. Box scores, averages, pitching rotations, prenogis for the World Series – because there was almost never a series without the Yankees† (12). The Yankees were a symbol of American pride for Peter, â€Å"they were more than a team... ...e. †¦ On either side of our new development were grand nineteenth-century houses and manors set back behind high hedges. †¦ Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century stone Dutch houses still spotted the town and some quite fabulous nineteenth-century estates surrounded our new street† (50). This description of Balkians’s house, as he remembers it, might tell him that his family is becoming more accustomed to the American culture, yet still keeping with their Armenian roots. The move from Teaneck to Tenafly just shows that his family is living the American Dream by finding a city that fits them best and a house that is custom built to their liking. All of a sudden Peter is living in a community where families are larger and dinner is just a race to get done with. It seems as though the move to Tenafly is an immersion into the American lifestyle, even more than Teaneck.

Perceptions of Use of Force Essay

Introduction Law enforcement officers face extenuating circumstances on a daily basis. Their job is to isolate and de-escalate circumstances that pose a threat and are beyond the control of citizens in their community. There are times officers may need to resort to force if necessary to gain control of an escalating situation. Basic law enforcement training introduces officers to the force options available. Use of force is the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject (United States Department of Justice, 2004). The methods used to gain compliance range from verbal commands to the use of deadly force. The use of force can have extensive consequences, both good and bad, for the public, department, and officers involved. Few events in law enforcement attract the attention of the media, political establishment, and police administration more than a use of force incident, specifically an officer-involved shooting. Media coverage molds the perception of the surrounding communities. This also influences the perception of officers and department staff, before and after incidents. Officer Perception Interviews conducted with officers who have been involved in shootings have revealed that while many were well trained for the event, they often were not prepared for the investigation afterward (Pinizzotto, Davis, & Miller, 2006). Some believed investigations centered on finding something the officers did wrong so they could be charged with a crime or a violation of departmental policy. Others felt that the investigations were for the protection of the agency and not necessarily the officers involved (Bohrer & Chaney, 2010). Officers’ actions can be influenced by their experience with use of force incidents and knowledge of what has happened to fellow officers in similar situations. The Public’s Perception Perceptions by the public of officer use of force incidents usually are as wide and diverse as the population, often driven by media coverage, and sometimes influenced by a long-standing bias and mistrust of government (U.S. Department of Justice; Community Relations Services, 1999). Though an officer feels they have the right to shoot, and the evidence supports the officer’s actions, this may not guarantee a positive, or even a neutral, reception from the public. In addition, who the police shoot seems to mold some perceptions. For example, a bank robber armed with a shotgun presents a different connotation than a 14-year-old thief wielding a knife (Bohrer, Kern, & Davis, 2008). Sometimes, it is who the police use the force against that can set the tone surrounding the incident. Communities where residents have perceived a police use of force incident as unjustified have a history of acting out with acts of civil disobedience. There are members of some communities that automatically assume the officer did something wrong in a use of force incident before the circumstances surrounding the incident are revealed. This may be a result of the media’s premature coverage surrounding the incident. A department’s lack of cooperation with the media can develop poor communication between the public and the police, resulting in distrust between all parties. By failing to interact with the media in interviews or providing press releases, the department contributes to the negative perception formed by the media and public. The standard â€Å"no comment† statement given from departments, leaves the media and public with the impression that the police are trying to hide an incident involving excessive use of force. Conclusion Establishing an open and positive working relationship with the media can improve relations between the department and public. The department should take proactive steps to demonstrate their cooperation with the media by having a department representative contact the media before media representatives approach the department. By taking the proactive approach the department demonstrates a desire to release information as it becomes available. Agencies should form a working relationship with the media and encourage them to print and air stories on the responsibilities of officers and the training conducted to enhance their abilities. General information on past shootings, simulator experiences, and the perspective of the reasonable objective officer can help develop a cooperative association (Masters, 2000). Such a collaborative effort between the police and the media is not a magic pill and will not alleviate all of the public misperceptions and problems. However, it may reduce or prevent false perceptions, especially with officer-involved shootings (Pinizzotto, Davis, Bohrer, & Chaney 2009). Working together with the media forms the foundation of public understanding. Joining together and sharing information can help both the police and the media deal with officer use of force incidents in a fair and sensible way, as well as influence the perception of the public in a more positive manner. References Bohrer, S., & Chaney, R. (2010). Police investigations of the use of deadly force can influence perceptions and putcomes. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , 21-24. Bohrer, S., Kern, H., & Davis, E. (2008). The deadly dilemma: Shoot or don’t shoot. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , 7-12. Masters, B. A. (2000, February 13). Under the gun: I died, I killed, and I saw the nature of deadly force. Washington Post . Pinizzotto, A. J., Davis, E. F., & Miller III, C. E. (2006). Violent encounters: A study of felonious assaults on our nation’s law enforcement officers. Washington, DC. Pinizzotto, A. J., Davis, E., Bohrer, S., & Chaney, R. (2009). Law enforcement perspective on the use of force: hands-on, experimental training for prosecuting attorneys. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , 16-21. U.S. Department of Justice; Community Relations Services. (1999). Police use of excessive force: A conciliation handbook for the police and the community. Washington, DC. United States Department of Justice. (2004, June). United States Department of Justice. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from COPS: Community Oriented Policing Services: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp/Item=1374

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 13

I think,† Jeanne said, â€Å"that he's here to get Delosto close the Dark Kingdom out Shut up the castleand come join him Outside. And, incidentally, ofcourse, kill all the slaves.† Maggie stared. ‘Kill them all?' â€Å"Well, it makes sense. Nobody would needthem anymore.† â€Å"And that's why you were escaping now,† Maggiesaid slowly. Jeanne gave her a quick, startled glance. â€Å"You'rereally not as stupid as you seem at first sight, you know?† â€Å"Gee, thanks.† Maggie shifted on her branch. Aminute ago she'd been thinking how good it would feel to get away from the twigs poking her. Now she suddenly wanted to stay here forever, hiding.She had a very bad feeling. â€Å"So why,† she said, forming her thoughtsslowly,†doesHunter Redfern want to do thisright now?† â€Å"What do youthink? Really, Maggie, what do you know about all this?† Four Wild Powers,Maggie thought, hearing Delos's old teacher's voice in her mind. Who willbeneeded at the millennium, to save the world-or todestroy it. â€Å"I know that something's happening at the millennium, and that Delos is a Wild Power, and thatthe Wild Powers are supposed to do something-â€Å" â€Å"Save the world,† Jeanne said in a clipped voice.†Except that that's not what the Night People want.They figure there's going to be some huge catastrophe that'll wipe out most of the humansand then they can take over. And that's why Hunter Redfern'shere. He wants the Wild Powers on his side insteadof on the humans'. He wants them to help destroythe human world instead of saving it. And it lookslike he's just about convinced Delos.† Maggie let out a shaky breath and leaned herhead against a branch. It was just like what Deloshad told her-except that Jeanne was an uninterested party. She still wanted not to believe it, but she had a terrible sinking feeling. In fact, she had a strange feeling of weight,as if something awfulwas trying to settle on her shoulders. â€Å"The millennium really means the end of theworld,† she said. â€Å"Yeah. Our world, anyway.† Maggie glanced atP.J., who was swinging her thin legs over the edge of a branch. â€Å"You stillokay?† P.J. nodded. She looked frightened, but not unbearably so. She kept her eyes on Maggie's face trustingly. â€Å"And do youstill want to go to the castle?†Jeanne said, watching Maggie just as closely.†Hunter Redfern is a very bad guy to mess with.And I hate to tell you, but your friend Prince Delosis out for our blood just like the rest of them.† â€Å"No, I don't still wantto go,† Maggie said briefly. Her head went down and she gave Jeanne a brooding look under her eyelashes. `But I have to, anyway. I've got even more reasons now.† â€Å"Such as?† Maggie held up a finger. â€Å"One, I've got to. gethelp for Cady.† She glanced at the motionless figure clinging trancelike to the fir's trunk, then held upanother finger. â€Å"Two, I have to find out what happened to my brother.† Another finger. â€Å"And, three,I have to get those slaves free before Hunter Redfern has them all killed.† â€Å"You have to what?†Jeanne said in a muffled shriek. She almost fell out of the tree. â€Å"I kind of thought you'd react that way. Don'tworry about it. You don't have to get involved.† â€Å"I was wrong before. You areas dumbasyoulook. And you are totally freaking crazy.† Yeah, I know, Maggie thought grimly. It's probably justas well I didn't mention the fourth reason. Which was that she had to keep Delos from aiding and abetting the end of the world. That wasthe responsibility that had settled on her, and she had no idea why it was hers except that she'd been inside his mind. She knew him. She couldn't justwalk away. If anybody could talk to him about it and convince him not to do it, she could. She had absolutely no doubt about that. So it was her job to try. And if he was really as evil as Jeanne seemed tothink-if it was true that he'd killed Miles†¦ well, then she had a different job. She had to do whatever was necessary to stophim. Distant and impossible as it seemed, shewould have to kill him if that was what it took. â€Å"Come on,† she said to the other girls. â€Å"Cady, do you think you can climb down now? And, Jeanne,do you know a way into the castle?† The moat stank. Maggie had been glad to find Jeanne knew a wayinto the castle. That was before she discovered that it involved swimming through stagnant water and climbing up what Jeanne called a garderobe butwhat was all too obviously the shaft of an oldlatrine. â€Å"Just kill me, somebody,† Maggie whispered halfway up. She was soaking wet and daubed with un thinkable slime. She couldn't remember ever beingquite this dirty. The next moment she forgot about it in her worryabout Cady. Cady had managed the swim, still doing everything she was told asif she werein a trance. But now she was getting shaky. Maggiewondered seriously whether this sort of activity was helpful to somebody who'd been poisoned. When they werefinally at the top of the shaft,Maggie looked around and saw a small room thatseemed to be built directly into the castle wall. Everything was made of dark stone, with a cold and echoing feel to it. â€Å"Don't make any noise,† Jeanne whispered. Shebent close to Maggie, who was helping support Cady. â€Å"We need to go down a passage and throughthe kitchen, okay? It's all right if slaves see us, butwe have to watch out for them.† â€Å"We've got to get Cady to a healing woman-â€Å" â€Å"I know! That's where I'm trying to take you.†Jeanne clamped a hand on P.J.'s shoulder and steered her into a corridor. More stone. More echoes. Maggie tried to walkwithout her shoes squishing or smacking. She wasdimly impressed with the castle itself-it was grandand cold and so huge that she felt like an insect making her way through the passage. After what seemed like an endless walk, theyemerged in a small entryway partitioned off bywooden screens. Maggie could hear activity behind the screens andas Jeanne led them stealthily forward, she caught a glimpse of people moving onthe other side. They were spreading white tablecloths over long wooden tables in a room thatseemed bigger than Maggie's entire house. Another doorway. Another passage. And finallythe kitchen, which was full of bustling people. Theywere stirring huge iron cauldrons and turning meaton spits. The smell of a dozen different kinds offood hit Maggie and made her feel faint. She was so hungry that her knees wobbled and she had to swallow hard. But even more than hungry, she was scared. They were in plain sight of dozens of people. â€Å"Slaves,† Jeanne said shortly. â€Å"They won't tell onus. Grab a sack to wrap around you and come on.And, P.J.,take off that ridiculous hat.† Slaves, Maggie thought, staring. They were alldressed identically, in loose-fitting pants and topsthat were like short tunics. Jeanne was wearing thesame thing-it had looked enough like clothes from Outside that Maggie hadn't really focused on it before. What struck her now was that everybodylooked so†¦ un-ironed. There were no sharp creases. And no real color. All the clothes were an indeterminate shade of beige-brown, and all thefaces seemed just as dull and faded They were like drones. What would it be like to live that way? she wondered as she threw a rough sack around her shoulders to hide the dark blue of her jacket. Without any choice in what you do, and any hope for thefuture? It would be terrible, she decided. And it mightjust drive you crazy. I wonder if any of them ever †¦snap? But she couldn't look around anymore. Jeanne was hustling through a doorway into the open air.There was a kind of garden here just outside the kitchen, with scraggly fnut trees and what lookedlike herbs. Then there was a courtyard andfinallya row of huts nestled against the high black wall that surrounded the castle. â€Å"This is the really dangerous part,† Jeanne whispered harshly. â€Å"It's the back, but if one of them looks out and sees us, we're in trouble. Keep yourhead down-and walk like this. Like a slave.† Sheled them at a shufflingrun toward a hut. This place is like a city, Maggie thought. A cityinside a wall, with the castle in the middle. They reached the shack. Jeanne pulled the door open and bustled them inside. Then she shut the door again and sagged. â€Å"I think we actually made it.† She sounded surprised. Maggie was looking around. The tiny room was dim, but she could see crude furniture and piles ofwhat looked like laundry. â€Å"This is it? We're safe?† â€Å"Nowhere is safe,† Jeanne said sharply. â€Å"But wecan get some slave clothes for you here, and we can rest. And I'll go get the healing woman,† sheaddedas Maggie opened her mouth. While she was gone, Maggie turned to Cady andP.J. They were both shivering. She made Cady lie down and had P.J. help her go through one of the piles of laundry. â€Å"Get your wet things off,† Maggie said. Shepulled off her own hightops and shrugged out ofher sodden jacket. Then she knelt to get Cady'sshoes off. The blind girl was lying motionless on athin pallet, and didn't respond to Maggie's touch.Maggie was worried about her. Behind her, the door opened and Jeanne camein with two people. One was a gaunt and handsome woman, with dark hair pulled untidily back and anapron over her tunic and pants. The other was ayoung girl who looked frightened. â€Å"This is Laundress.† The way Jeanne said it, itwas clearly a proper name. â€Å"She's a healer, and the girl's her helper.† Relief washed through Maggie. â€Å"This is Cady,†she said. And then, since nobody moved and Cady couldn't speak for herself, she went on, â€Å"She's fromOutside, and she was poisoned by the slave traders. I'm not sure how long ago that was-at least a couple of days. She's been running a high fever andmost of the time she's just sort of sleepwalking-â€Å" â€Å"What is this?† The gaunt woman took a step toward Cady, but her expression was anything but welcoming. Then she turned on Jeanne angrily.†How could you bring this-thing-in here?† Maggie froze where she was by Cady's feet.†What are you talkingabout? She's sick-â€Å" â€Å"She's one of them!† The woman's eyes wereburning darkly at Jeanne. â€Å"And don't tell me you didn't notice. It's perfectly plain!† â€Å"What'sperfectly plain?† Maggie's fists were clenched. â€Å"Jeanne, what's she talking about?† The woman's burning eyes turned on her. â€Å"Msgirl is a witch.† Maggie went still. Part of her was amazed and disbelieving. Awitch? Like Sylvia? A Night Person? Cady wasn't at all like that. She wasn't evil. Shewas normal,a nice, ordinary, gentle girl. She couldn'tbe anything supernatural†¦. But another part of Maggie wasn't even startled.It was saying that at some deep level she had known all along. Her mind was bringing up pictures. Cady in thehollow tree, when she and Maggie were hidingfrom Bern and Gavin. Cady's lips moving and Gavin saying I can't feelthem at all. The hound today had said the same thing. I can't follow theirlifeforce anymore. She was blocking them from sensing us, Maggiethought. And she was the one who told us to climbthe tree. She's blind, but she can see things. It's true. She turned slowly to look at the girl lying onthe pallet. Cady was almost perfectly still, her breathingbarely lifting her chest. Her hair was coiled around her head like damp snakes, her face was smudgedand dirty, her lashes spiky on her cheeks. Butsomehow she hadn't lost any of her serene beauty. It remained untouched, whatever happened to herbody. I don't care, Maggie thought. She may be a witch,but she's not like Sylvia. I know she's not evil. She turned back to Laundress, and spoke carefully and deliberately. â€Å"Look, I understand that you don't like witches.But this girl has been with us for two days, and allshe's done is help us. And, I mean, look at her!†Maggie lost her reasonable tone. â€Å"They were bring ing her here as a slave! She wasn't getting any special treatment. She's not on their side!† â€Å"Too bad for her,† Laundress said. Her voice wasflat and †¦plain. The voice of a woman who saw things in black and white and didn't like arguments. And who knew how to back up her beliefs. Onebig gaunt hand, went beneath her apron, into a hid den pocket. When it came out again, it was gripping a kitchen knife. â€Å"Wait a minute,† Jeanne said. Laundress didn't look at her. â€Å"Friends of witchesare no friends of ours,† she said in her plain, heavyway. â€Å"And that includes you.† With one motion, Jeanne wheeled away from herand into a fighting stance. â€Å"You're right. I knewwhat she was. I hated her, too, at first. But it's like Maggie told you. She's not going to hurt us!† â€Å"I'm not going to miss a chance to kill one of them,† Laundress said. â€Å"And if you try to stop me, you'll be sorry.† Maggie's heart was pounding. She looked backand forth from the tall woman, who was holdingthe knife menacingly, to Jeanne, who was crouchedwith her teeth bared and her eyes narrowed. They were ready to fight. Maggie found herself in the middle of the room,in a triangle formed by Cady and Jeanne and theknife. She was too angry to be frightened. â€Å"You put that down,†she said to Laundressfiercely, forgetting that she was speaking to anadult. â€Å"You're notgoingto do anything with that. How can you even try?† Vaguely, she noticed movement behind the woman. The frightened young girl who hadn't saidanything so far was stepping forward. She was staring at Maggie, pointing at Maggie. Her eyes andmouth were wide open, but her voice was an indrawn breath. â€Å"The Deliverer!† Maggie hardly heard the gasped words. She wasrushing on. â€Å"If you people don't stick together,what kind of chance do you have? How can youever get free-â€Å" t's her!†This time the girl shrieked it, and nobody could help but hear. She clutched at Laundress's arm wildly. â€Å"You heard what she said,Laundress. She's come to free us.† â€Å"What are you talking a-?†Jeanne broke off, looking at Maggie with her eyebrows drawn together. Suddenly the eyebrows flew up and she straightened slightly from her crouch. â€Å"Hmm.† Maggie stared back. Then she followed all their eyes and looked down at herself in bewilderment. For the first time since she'd arrived in the DarkKingdom she wasn't wearing her jacket and hershoes. She was wearing exactly what she'd beenwearing when her mother's screams woke her threedays beforeher flowered pajama top, wrinkled jeans, and mismatched socks. â€Å"‘She will come clothed in flowers, shod in blueand scarlet,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the girl was saying. She was stillpointing at Maggie, but now it was with something like reverence. â€Å"‘And she will speak of freedom.'You heard her, Laundress! It's her. She's the one!† The knife trembled slightly. Maggie stared at thered knuckles of the hand holding it, then looked up at Laundress's face. The blotchy features were grim and skepticalbut there was an odd gleam of half-stifled hope inthe eyes. â€Å"Is she the one?† she said harshly toJeanne. â€Å"Is this idiot Soaker right? Did she say she'scome to deliver us?† Jeanne opened her mouth, then shut it again.She looked helplessly at Maggie. And, unexpectedly, P.J. spoke up. â€Å"She told usshe had to get the slaves free before Hunter Redfern had them all killed,† she said in her light,strong child's voice. She was standing straight, her slender body drawn to its fullest height. Her blondhair shone pale above her small earnest face. Her words had the unmistakable ring of truth. Something flashed in Jeanne's eyes. Her lipquirked, then she bit it. â€Å"She sure did. And I toldher she was crazy.† â€Å"And in the beginning, when Jeanne showed herwhat they do to escaped slaves here, Maggie said it had to stop.† P.J.'s voice was still clear and confident. â€Å"She said she couldn't let them do thingslike that to people.† â€Å"She said we couldn't let them do things likethat,† Jeanne corrected. â€Å"And she was crazy again.There's no way to stop them.† Laundress stared at her for a moment, then turned her burning gaze on Maggie. Her eyes wereso fierce that Maggie was afraid she was going to attack. Then, all at once, she thrust the knife backin her pocket. `Blasphemer!† she said harshly to Jeanne. â€Å"Don'ttalk about the Deliverer that way! Do you want totake away our only hope?† Jeanne raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Youwere the one about to take it away,† she pointed out. Laundress glared at her. Then she turned to Maggie and a change came over her gaunt features. Itwasn't much; they still remainedassevere and grim as ever, but there was something like a bleak smile twisting her mouth. â€Å"If you are the Deliverer,† she said, â€Å"you've gotyour work cut out for you.† â€Å"Just everybody hang on one second,† Maggiesaid. Her head was whirling. She understood whatwas going on – sort of. These people believed shewas some legendary figure come to save them. Because of a prophecy-they seemed to have a lot ofprophecies around here. But she couldn't really be their Deliverer. She knew that. She was just an ordinary girl. Andhadn't anybody else ever worn a flowered top inthis place? Well maybe not. Not a slave anyway. Maggie looked at Laundress's clothes again with new eyes.If they all wore this sort of thing, hand sewn and plain as a burlap sack, maybe a machine-made topwith bright colors and a little wilted lace would look like something from a legend. And I bet nobody wears red and blue socks, shethought and almost smiled. Especially at once. She remembered how Sylvia had looked at them. Normally she would have been terribly embarrassed by that, perfect Sylvia looking at her imperfections. But the socks had been what started heron this whole journey by convincing her that Sylviawas lying. And just now they'd saved her life. IfLaundress had attacked Jeanne or Cady, Maggie would have had to fight her. But I'm still not the Deliverer, she thought. I haveto explain that to them†¦. â€Å"And since she's the Deliverer, you're going tohelp us, right?† Jeanne was saying. â€Å"You're going to heal Cady and feed us and hide us and everything? And help Maggie find out what happened toher brother?† Maggie blinked, then grimaced. She could see Jeanne looking at her meaningfully. She shut hermouth. â€Å"I'll help you any way I can,† Laundress said.†But you'd better do your part. Do you have a plan, Deliverer?† Maggie rubbed her forehead. Things were happening very fast-but even if she wasn't the Deliverer, she hadcome to help the slaves get free. Maybe it didn't matter what they called her. She looked at Cady again, then at Jeanne, and at P.J., who was staring at her with shining confidence in her young eyes. Then she looked at thegirl named Soaker, who was wearing the sameexpression. Finally she looked into the gaunt, hard-bittenface of Laundress. There was no easy confidencehere, but there was that half-stifled look of hopedeep in the burning gaze. â€Å"I don't have a plan yet,† she said. â€Å"But Ill comeup with one. And I don't know if I can really helpyou people. But I'll try.†

Problem fogel graded

For maxima rule Remote should use option A b. For maximum rule Remote should use option 8 c. For maxima regret Remote should use option A d. For equal probability criterion rule Remote should use option A Chapter 16: Government Regulation of Business 2. When there is a shortage in the industry or firm, it will definitely result in an under allocation of resources. Under allocation can happen without any shortage. For example, if the market is in a monopolistic stage, there is no shortage. The buyers can buy everything they want at a set price.There are various situations where the market can fail due to under allocation of resources that are not caused by shortages. For instance, if the task of minting a building was scheduled to finish at a certain date and there was not enough paint and painters, the manager did not allocate and did not calculate the correct amount of paint needed and did not have enough painters. Thus, a shortage is not a necessary condition for under allocation o f resources. 4. Price gouging seems to occur after natural disasters such as hurricane Strain, Rata, and Sandy.After a disaster, the community is trying to recover from the homes that they have lost and they are trying to get back on their feet. However, many individuals and companies are charging market prices or goods such as gasoline, bottled water and other necessary items at a higher price than the market. According to the FTC price gouging laws are not required, they are counterproductive. For instance, in 2005, after the hurricane Strain and Rata, it caused a shortage in gasoline and it could have possibly triggered an energy emergency (National Center, 2007).If anti- gouging laws are enforced by legislation to lower gas prices than what the market dictates during a supply shortage, FTC said that wholesalers and retailers will run out of gasoline and consumers will be worse off (Stresses, Furthermore, anti-gouging laws end up punishing companies who 2001). Have excess and res erves in advance during a crisis. For instance in the Strain hurricane, one of the lessons learned was to reward companies who have excess of oil and gas at the time when it is greatly needed.

In what ways is the concept of gender useful in the study of ancient history?

In antiquity gender was a defining feature of life, we can note that it affected the way society was structured, specifically in the Athenian ‘polis', as well as public events, such as those associated with religious cults. Gender was also influential in politics, especially that of the Romans. Moreover, it is through gender that we can observe the general ancient view towards women, found throughout numerous literary sources and archaeological remains. Firstly, there is a strong link between gender and the Athenian ‘polis', which was commonly considered to be ‘male dominated'. 1 From an early age male and female youths were polarised, so that males were educated professionally, with a strong emphasis on completing sports at the ‘palaestrai' and ‘gymnasia', then they were sent away to complete their military service. In contrast, women were denied no more than basic schooling. However they were introduced into society through religious cults. It is through education that the classical Athenians erected a prominent division between the sexes, in order to prepare the youths for their roles in later life-men for leadership in state and military affairs, women for more subordinate roles. For example, archaeological evidence suggests that young men were groomed for prominent positions in the state, that is, pitchers have been found that illustrate boys celebrating the festival, ‘Anthesterion', ‘the flower month', by sampling wine and participating in crawling races. The former would have been a simplistic pre-taster for male youths of a ‘symposium', philosophical sessions intertwined with heavy drinking periods, exclusively for male citizens. The playwrights Plato and Aristophanes recognised their importance in the ‘polis', as it was for affluent male citizens. In Aristophanic comedies he frequently alludes to scenes of inebriation and obscenity mixed with intervals of learned opinions. The latter would have prepared the youths for athletic competitions. Keuls' suggests that it is through these activities young boys were instilled, ‘with the norms of competitiveness and male privilege'. 2 In comparison, Greek women were initiated into society through religious roles, specifically those associated with chastity, labour and submission. The cult of Athena was particularly important, in which a robe known as a ‘peplos' was dedicated to the goddess that had been especially woven for the occasion. It was then presented to her either by two or four noble girls, known as ‘arrhephoroi', ‘bearers of sacred objects'. Scenes from this cult can be found on sections of the Parthenon frieze (440BC-432BC), detailing events such as the folding of the ‘peplos' by the ‘Archon Basileus', chief magistrate, helped by a young child. This was a significant affair because the cult of Athena portrayed the characteristics sought desirable in each sex. That is, she represented the ‘male patriarchal ethos',3 through a wild war dance, the ‘pyrrhic dance', which was performed by armed dancers. This highlights, through the festival that males were associated with war and had a responsibility to protect the ‘polis'. On the other hand, Athena also represented the female ethos, by emphasising the necessity of hard work and chastity through the tasks of spinning and weaving, which were given prestigious status', through the ritual of the ‘peplos'. Athenian women were associated with passive tasks, illustrating their subordination to men within the ‘polis'. It is also significant that religious festivals structured the female hierarchy. We have already noted that it was only noble girls who could become ‘arrhephoroi', whereas in other cults, such as that of Artemis at Brauron, all girls could participate in the rituals. Just as the female hierarchy needed cult festivals to differentiate between the varying classes, the male hierarchy was determined by society-the ‘polis' and the military. For example, Xenophon, in the ‘Anabasis', highlights the importance and influence of the head of the army, the ‘hegemon', compared to less important positions in the military. That is, when a ‘manteis', a divine interpreter, attempts to slander Xenophon-in this case he is acting as the ‘hegemon'-by suggesting that he would have founded a new city without consulting his troops, Xenophon retorts: ‘Silanus gave me his answer on the most important point, namely, that the appearance of the victim was propitious. He had to since he was aware that I myself, because of always being present at sacrifices had some experience in these matters. ‘ 4 This illustrates, in general, that in warfare, sacrifices were undertaken or overseen by those in commanding positions, such as the ‘hegemon', because they influenced the state. Those in less significant positions in the military had a minimal influence in the running of the state. Thus, highlighting that the military and state were active influences in determining the male hierarchy. So far, we can note that education and cult festivals were influenced by gender, illustrating the importance of studying it in ancient history, as it gives us a fuller picture of ancient Greek society. Furthermore, the perception of the sexes can be seen to vary vastly, Xenophon highlights this in his ‘Oikonomikos', when he determines that men were built for war because their bodies could endure toil and hardship, whereas women were made for domestic work. 5 Another ancient scholar, Ischomachos, comments that the nature of men and women's mind also differ, as women are considered to be more susceptible to emotions and show a lack of restraint. Physical and psychological features influenced ancient Greek scholars into stereotyping the sexes and thus explaining why each gender sought different roles in society. In consideration to the cult of Athena, we can note that the study of mythology is also relevant to the concept of gender and its effects on society. That is, the ‘Panathenaic' procession was based on the myth of the origin of Ericthonius, who was associated with Athens. Hephaistos spilt semen on Athena's lap, which she wiped off with some wool, but consequently Ericthonius was born. The child was then given to Cecrops' daughters, but two of them, Herse and Aglauros, looked at the baby, despite Athena's warning that they should not. This myth emphasises the importance of women as child bearers and nurturers in society. The relevance of the wool can be associated with textile making, an occupation that was encouraged in young women. Likewise the cult of Artemis illustrated to women the importance of chastity, as the myth behind her cult warns them that promiscuity is an undesirable and unacceptable value. Artemis punishes her nymph, Kallisto, who had been raped by Zeus, by changing her into a bear, who is consequently hunted and killed by her own son. The Greeks used the myths as moral paradigms, warning women against unacceptable behaviour in the ‘polis'. Furthermore, Artemis was also concerned with childbirth, as clothes were dedicated to her at Brauron. Keuls' comments that this cult, ‘may have been the most effective way of instilling in females the ethos that male society required of them. ‘ 6 In comparison, if the cult of Artemis and Athena portrayed ideal female virtues that were affable for their role in the ‘polis', then the cult of Theseus represented ideal virtues for the Athenian male citizen. He was the archetypal male hero, as he saved Athens and slaughtered the Minotaur. In a social context, he had protected the ‘polis' and by militant means had killed a foreign being that threatened the well being of the state-actions that were expected of all male Athenians. Funerals were also a very significant event within the ‘polis' and the concept of gender greatly influenced its organisation. Women played a vital role in the ‘prothesis', the procession preceding the actual funeral, when the body was placed on a bier and was surrounded by mourners. It was the role of the women to lament- the more intense they seemed, the more honoured the dead appeared. Firstly, in connection with lamentation, we can note that women played an integral role in this procession, as they allowed men to keep up an austere appearance. This allowed the males to protect their masculine front, as they could refrain form outwardly expressing their grief. We have already observed, from ancient scholars, such as Xenophon, that only certain characteristics were deemed acceptable for men. Plaques and funeral vases illustrate the different roles performed during the ‘prothesis' by men and women. For example, a funeral pot of the late geometric period depicts men in processions of armed warriors or on horseback. 7 It is notable that they remain untearful, when compared to the numerous figurines of women in lamentable positions. The men honour the dead by highlighting the prestige of dying whilst in battle. Two ideals of mourning were set up to protect the social structure-women lament due to their lack of restraint of their emotions, emphasising their fragile characters, deeming them unfit for leadership. Whereas, men retain their dignity through their restraint and their passive role in the ‘prothesis'. Furthermore, funerals allowed aristocratic families to present their rank and power in society. Therefore, the lamentation was a reflection of the family's status. Hans Van Wees states that, ‘tears were a sign of respect to the dead†¦ ears of women played a part in the power struggle of men. ‘ 8 This illustrates that women had a significant role in the society of men, but one that was manipulated to benefit the running of the state. Moreover, the emotions of the women became so severe, as they behaved as a medium, that Solon had to institute legislations to curtail their display, as women had resorted to lacerating their arms and other forms of self-mutilation. The concept of gender is also very noteworthy in ancient literature, as men and women were perceived very differently in comparison to their perception in the ‘polis'. For example, during the Homeric era, it was not uncommon to observe heroes crying, a characteristic that would later be associated with the ‘fairer sex'. We first see Odysseus on Calypso's island, weeping in despair to return home to Ithaca. 9 Likewise, Homer frequently alludes to Odysseus's wife, Penelope, crying. For instance, we observe her crying for her lost husband when she retrieves his bow for the suitors' competition. 10 Both of the genders display similar characteristics, which Homer's audience obviously found acceptable in men. This emphasises that the gap between the genders widened with the progression of society and the founding of the structure of the ‘polis'. A further example that illustrates this point can come from the medium of tragedy, as the perception of male literary figures had conformed to the opinions of the ‘polis'. That is, male characters are portrayed as more restrained towards their emotions, in Aeschylus' ‘Agamemnon', the male king shows a considerable deal of restraint when Clytaemnestra offers him the sacred carpets to walk on. He states: ‘This-you treat me like a woman†¦ ive me the tributes of a man†¦ '11 Agamemnon displays his lack of excitement towards the frivolity of walking on ‘nice' tapestries that obviously would have appealed to a woman's nature. In the Homeric era, heroes appreciated niceties-Odysseus is bathed in perfume when he gets to Phaecia, there are constant allusions to Paris preening and primping himself and we are frequently reminded of his good looks. This illustrates the progression of the male status from the Heroic age to classical Athens. Briefly, we can note that Homeric heroes took an active grieving role in funerals. Achilles pours grimy dust on his face and beasts his breast, accompanied by his handmaidens; then Homer states that: ‘Antilochus mourned with him, letting the tears fall†¦ '12 Furthermore, this reiterates the different characteristics found in the male persona of the heroic age, rather than the age of the ‘polis'. However, we should also observe that the Homeric heroes were not completely without restraint, they just depicted less moderation than would have been acceptable for later Greeks. For example, the Trojans are commanded not to weep whilst collecting their dead bodies from the battlefield, which they do. They show a determined self-control, perhaps not as noted in the Homeric women, such as Odysseus' wife, Penelope. Furthermore, it is also through tragedy that we can note the progression of the perception of ancient women. In reference to Aeschylus' ‘Agamemnon', it has been observed that Clytaemnestra is portrayed with masculine attributes, as it is she who plots and kills her husband, with an axe in the bath. Her lover, Aegisthus, states to the chorus: ‘The treachery was the woman's work, clearly. '13 In the prologue, the watchman comments: ‘That woman -she manoeuvres like a man. '14 Firstly, Clytaemnestra has overstepped the divide that marked the different statuses of men and women in the ‘polis', on account of her masculine behaviour. Aeschylus, through tragedy, has illustrated that if women are not supervised within society, the social structure will collapse, as they are lead by their emotions. This would have highlighted the importance of the ‘kyrios', who acted as a guardian to Athenian women, to keep them in check within the ‘polis'. Moreover, this illustrates the common perception of women, as tragic heroines are often perceived as being manipulative, treacherous and unfaithful. This is emphasised by the character of Clytaemnestra, as well as Electra, who later persuades her brother, Orestes, to kill their mother, in Aeschylus' ‘Eumenides' and Euripides ‘Electra'. These characteristics illustrate that women are unworthy to lead the state, and highlights the insistence that they remain inferior to men within the social structure, maintaining their role in family matters. In Aristophanic comedies, such as ‘Lysistrata', women were also depicted as being drunkards and sex fiends, qualities that were associated with slaves. This is noteworthy, as slaves were considered not to be wholly free and without possessing any rights within the ‘polis', such as voting. Furthermore, slaves and women were also both low down in the social structure. Aristotle in his ‘Politics', stated that women were, ‘slaves by nature'. This demonstrates the lack of freedom that women possessed, highlighting their seclusion within classical Athens. The majority of the time, women were physically kept within the home-apart from when they participated in particular public events-to keep them subordinate, in a social context. Furthermore, according to Solon15, if a woman was in the company of men all the time, she would not want to get married. Thus she would be defying her role as a life giver and producer of heirs, and so she would be disrupting her status within the ‘polis'. In contrast, in the heroic age of Homer, women were given a considerable amount of freedom, for example, we see Helen with Priam, on the walls of Troy, pointing out to all the different Greek warriors. Moreover, Penelope, in the Odyssey, acts as the hostess at the banquet of the suitors, totally surrounded by men. We can see that the seclusion of women became more intense with the founding of the ‘polis', which brought along a greater need to categorise the genders. The concept of gender is also very significant when studying the politics of ancient Rome. Roman historians of the imperial era have recorded the great influence of women on particular male emperors. For example, the historian, Tacitus, in his ‘Annals', records the influence of Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, on his political career. It is she who initiates the poisoning of her husband, Claudius, and his son, Britannicus, so that Nero can usurp the power of the empire. Roman coins depict her bust, alongside that of her son's, displaying that she is ruling with him. It is significant that her role becomes less influential as Nero grows up and adopts more power. This is again illustrated through the medium of the coins, as we can note the gradual removal of her image from the obverse of the coins. The influence of his mother was so strong that he could only be freed from it, by attempting to murder her, through a collapsing boat. Thus, this demonstrates that imperial women dominated their male associates and played a leading role within in the running of the state. However, we should note that they still remained in the background, ruling behind their male relatives, as Rome was a male dominated state. Clark suggests that, ‘women might, then, have considerable influence and interests outside their home and families, but they were acting from within their families to affect a social system managed by men: their influence was not to be publicly acknowledged. '16 However, it has also been recorded that other imperial women had infiltrated the very male event of patronage. Octavia had acted or had interceded with male relatives as a patron, also, Messalina and Agrippina the Younger, were the patrons of Claudius' freedmen, such as Narcissus. This highlights the prestigious role of women in the empire. It is also significant that they were involved in particular public affairs, demonstrating that the social structure of Rome was gradually changing form being solely a male establishment, to a state outwardly influenced by both genders. Furthermore, Dio records that the senate honoured Livia with an arch as she had helped many senatorial children in times of need. 7 Likewise, the public recognition of Livia's role in the running of the state was acknowledged by the senate. However, it is important to note that the prominent role of women during the imperial period was not considerably favoured by all. Fischler comments that many men considered ‘a good emperor to have had wives and mothers that he could control and who never overstepped the boundaries set by convention'. 18 For example, Tiberius refused honours for his mother, Livia, because he did not want to seem to be influenced by her actions. Women may have been more prominent in the political sphere but it was not fully approved by the public opinion, which was aired by the majority of men. The significant role of women was fully acknowledged by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, who recognised the importance of women as figures of a new political regime. They represented the move from the Republican era to the Imperial era, as they were significant members of his dynasty. Fischler goes onto observe that ‘women were symbols of the imperial order. '19 The society of the Republic was less tolerant of the presence of women in the public eye. They had few rights within the state, such as, they were not allowed to vote or, as Valerius Maximus records, appear or act in courts20 and were generally under the ‘potestas of the ‘paterfamilias'. However, unlike the Greek ‘polis' women were not secluded from society, as they were allowed to own property and divorce their husbands. There were two types of marriage- that of ‘cum manu', in which the woman remained under her father's rule, as he even had the power to end her marriage; or that of ‘sine manu', in which women were allowed to own their own property an divorce their husbands. The former type of marriage was common in the early Republic and the latter, in the late Republic. This illustrates the progression of women's freedom in society and their further prominence in the public eye. The perception of gender and the way it affected the structure of society can be noted in forms of literature, such as satire. For example, Juvenal, who was writing either under the emperor, Trajan or Domitian, perceives the progression of women in the public sphere as a bad thing. That is, women had transgressed the divide between the genders, as they had adopted masculine roles in society, such as acting in political matters, demonstrated in Tacitus' portrayal of Agrippina. Furthermore Juvenal goes onto condemn the public sexuality of women and the growing effeminacy of men. In a social context. He highlights the breakdown of the social structure of the Roman society, that is, he considers the sexes to have changed roles and transgressed their divisions, which had given certain roles to men and to women in order to structure society. For example, he describes the ‘whore empress' coming home from the brothel to the Imperial palace. 21 Furthermore, his female persona attacks males for preferring homosexuality and states that overseas people are laughing at their effeminacy. 22 In contrast, he frequently extols the old virtues of chastity in women and praises the good old days, when men worked in fields and completed other masculine tasks23. Thus highlighting the change of roles in gender, on account of a changing society. In conclusion, we can argue that the concept of gender is extremely important when studying ancient history, as it played a significant role in defining the structure of society. The progression of society, both Greek and Roman, can also be marked by the changing perceptions of each gender, found in abundant literary sources and archaeological material. These sources of evidence make it possible to study gender, however we should also take into account, when using literature as evidence, some external influences. For example, when consulting tragedy or comedy. For the perception of Greek women, we should note that the playwrights exaggerated the characteristics of figures, for dramatic effects. That is to say, in the ‘polis', not all Greek women were alcoholics with a sex addiction, as portrayed in Aristophanic comedies. Likewise, from Juvenal's satires we cannot assume that all Roman women were promiscuous, due to the degeneration of their social structure. The ancient writers were assuming the ‘worst-case-scenarios', highlighting what would happen without a social structure in society. However, there is truth behind these pieces of literature, as the authors had to base their work on realism, so that their audiences could relate to their work. Furthermore, we should take into consideration the genre that the author was writing for, for example, Tacitus was considered to be a ‘silver age' writer, thus his writing would have portrayed characteristics of that type. Thus, his work is macabre and sombre; therefore his portrayals of his characters would reflect that style. Likewise, archaeological evidence should be considered with care, as depictions on pots and vases are left to our own personal interpretation.