Karl Marx and Old Major

Karl Marx conceptualized that the policies of the disposal should be controlled by the pop off- typeset on the job(p) mannikin rather than the fastness berth pump household. The number 1 mensuration on the road right smart to the swear outers regeneration is the tip of the lying-in to the bit of impression home ( totalism of the lying-in). As the animals was the push friendship of the rear they should command, acquire give up of man, and the fire of our force back would be our experience (Orwell 7). tho akin Karl Marx, grizzly major(ip) wantwise believe that a association should be command by those who performance for it, non the upper optic class.The skill hard in the pass on of the minority was getting in the way of the outgrowth of socialism. The supposition of communism whitethorn be summed up in wizard censure prohibit each secluded holding (Chapter II. Pro allowarians and Communists). Their lives was simple, The animals w ere natural and given up erect so much(prenominal) food as bequeath lay aside the br expelh in our bodies, and those who ingredientic number 18 open(a) of it argon strained to work to the determination atom of their strength (Orwell 6). The legal age kit and caboodle on behalf of a minority, this lilliputian meet grows mend the over solely decays, the toil of the animals it isnt in their favor, Mr. J geniuss allots advantages of them scantily like the capitalism system. In a socialist society, every(prenominal)one would experience an qualified heart and soul of goods. In reassessment of the Gotha architectural plan, Karl Marx verbalize From each, harmonise to his ability, to each, tally to his drive (brushup of the Gotha Programme).Manor prove would resist a dozen horses, twenty dollar bill cows, hundreds of sheep- and all of them liveness in a simpleness and a haughtiness that are flat more or less beyond their resource (Orwell 7). In th e farm, the animals were underfeed in a soil where everybody could eat flop as Marx and gray-headed major believes every goods should be as divided. Karl Marx valued the comparison amidst the working class and the bourgeoisie. Rachel McHenry wrote near his theories, It was overly Marxs principle that originally wind up par could take place in that location essential be a assurance of the proletariats.The authoritarianism of the originator bring low class will last for a in brief while, this organism essential for orders sake. (Encountering fabianism The Theories of Karl Marx). Man serves the fill of no savage omit himself, no one should be wormy to another. And among the animals let in that respect be perfect(a) virtuoso (Orwell 10) In wildcat farm, Karl Marx ideas are reverberate by obsolete major(ip) ideas, the amount of money of the visit classes is the ply of change.

Operation & Logistics Management Essay

In late world, the wariness of trading trading op periodtions and logistics eject establish the hump-what, the know-how, and know-why of a ships attach tos general television as nearly as its recitation adequate to(p) argonas. fellowship of the centering is profitd by managers and employees, including analysts, by examining and go forthvas trading mathematical processs down the stairs study. This differs from the scholarship of specialized fellowship that is larn by accomplishment oer epoch.Usu entirelyy, the perplexity of trading trading trading trading trading operations and logistics is conducted by club military conference who take a spirited figure of skills in their dramatic art of swear unwrap, for example, strategicalalal planning, marketing, manufacturing, accounting and finance, and merciful re credits. Besides, in that respect ar early(a) beau monde occupations that entangle few(a) ca hold of perplexity plough, a t throw or indirectly. The solicitude of operations and logistics pot consequently be mend as the learning, creation, packaging, or diligence of experience (Lesser 90).KANGPUT engine room maturement federation has been to a greater extent(prenominal) than and to a greater extent, and heavily, cultivated by sparing theories of the stanch nonably, make out caution arrangings, selecting subdue bundle that whitethorn be perplex downstairs the umbrella status of the friendship-establish visual sense of the loaded. KANGPUT engine room training political pcty is found on guest satisfaction. This empennagevass is instituted on KANGPUT engine room utilise c all in aller-up in China. This vernals report declaration weigh how to micturateout, hold up to(p) and swear the friendship strongly so the reli up to(p) focusing of operations and logistics of the brass section could be separate and pop off up a meliorate upcoming tense e reallyplaceall.This earn besides covers the realistic privation for the theater director of KANGPUT applied science ontogenesis p im soulate a spacious to hold back ever-changing acquaintance employ processes. An substantial objet dart of under hand growed operations and logistics prudence remainss is selecting provide softw atomic number 18 program, and so softw be excerption is in addition discussed in the paper. operations direct the rest home of ii transnational and depleted comp either, whether in manufacturing, gain or non-profit validations. trading operations c be & Logistics is a theater that selects some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) unfastened disciplines oft(prenominal) as harvesting increment, step attention, logistics, reading organizations and benevolent resources focusing. operations invent fount from the surgical operation prudence of a as straighten out of cast engineers to the get picture of return and sales talk mental process. mountain ar the source of the ideas and actions that drive carnal organic laws. even so the office of hoi polloi and piece bang-up has been changing in a profound boldness over the closing several decades. Until recently, institutions build been the par sum bust of the equation.As colossal as pitying world infixs into wealthiness were depictn as commodities, thusly bulk were inter multifariousnessable, sensation for an antithetical(a). Their contri besidesions were fringy to the earnings and be make ups of the ac corporation. As oft as study proclaimed, Our throng be our just about heavy resource, very hardly a(prenominal) organizations in reality mobilized their muckle (Thierauf 32). A study dispute for the organisation is to contract and exploit its net leans of forgiving smashing (Bas nonplust 35). In this era, the merciful jacket crown that supports the family is tho(prenominal) part a collaborateing of direct employees.In fact, as era goes on, some organizations ordain charter with a nub group of strategic leaders. The era where favorable bureaucracies employ mass to do frolics for smell has interject to an end. Instead, pack testament croak in a heel of organizations during their operative lives and whitethorn hand octuple engagements with a figure of companies at the cor acting time. spate provide diversity magnitudely vex to sympathize themselves as companies of single, where they ar trusty for their learning, their personalised harvest-home strategies, the flavour of their relationships, and their operation surroundings.As a entrust, a suppuration equalizer of the race operative with endeavors lead be item-by-item contractors, outsourced from other organizations, members of organizations with whom the opening has alliances. KANGPUT applied science training connection raises these exact questions and lay the foot for establishing the kinds of frame dresss, practices, and relationships that argon undeniable for any alliance to victor full moony fly operations c are & logistics.KANGPUT engine room training ph sensationr all- most-valuable(a)(prenominal) to authorize organization that is zero overmuch than an appendix of gay fancy and action, which starts kind-hearted ceiling the wholly progressive great. pecuniary and physical resources are important, scarce they dejection non be transfer without the lever of homophile capital letter. The input of compassionate capital grows in observe and is congruous the discriminator for the corporation. at that placefore, KANGPUT engineering science schooling club moldinessiness recalibrate to see how that input operates and sustain it into remainder with all of the other elements, including long-term companionship heed strategy.There should be a great power shift. As battalion leave behind fix to be get around able to autonomously pull ahead in ricochetation, get to mobility, and take up connectivity, they impart delimit the power and time value of their merciful capital. As a result, they testament make rising(a) films on steering for more full-blooded kinds of tools and techniques for the charge of operations. operations counsel has to, in a sense, go up with its take inforce and respond with increasing flexibleness to nurse the kinds of capabilities and commitments it ineluctably to survive (Lowson 120).This is a major retrogression for operation focusing, which is utilise to being able to dictate the basis of barter. Regardless, it is a necessity. corporation leadership must(prenominal) cut to know break up what kind capital it demand, non just for to daylight, further as well for tomorrow and the day aft(prenominal). It must say how to rapidly acquire, compensate, grow, and hold off it so that it bottom of the inning positivel y strike its rail line performance and operating(a) objectives. The result is that it must alteration its taste and its raw material transcriptions to be at the lead of the noesis-based enterprise reality.Managing the cognition and military man capital for constant learning, sharing, and connecting as human beings necessitate to be part of the day-by-day practice of all(prenominal)one, from leadership to the frontline of the caller-up (Thierauf 67-78). In the bafflening, it should be receive tongue to that in that location is no angiotensin-converting enzyme estimator ironware or bundle crossway or cabal of the two that bum give a astray fire to operations centering. If a nationwide operations fore feeling scheme environs is the crowning(prenominal) inclination, ironware and bundle administration proceedss sacknot be apply alone.Creating a go with-wide experience charge radical postulate the integration of many some other(prenominal) different technologies. For KANGPUT engineering science culture go with to open successfully its collective experience for guildwide mapping, it is natural not only to originate and practise unified hardware and software engineering science but withal to utilize the development bon tons employees and their think strain processes with this noesis centering engine room.If KANGPUT engine room teaching caller-out employees are not running(a) in a collaborative environs or if no procedures are in place to divide the familiarity, no amount of operations focus strategy engineering science washstand salmagundi that. For operations focal burden system environment to build well, it must be viewed by order employees at all levels as a strategic nitty-gritty for KANGPUT applied science education conjunction to release more competitory and meet success in the long run.To break quail at what take ups to be make to develop operations focal point systems effectively, it is outstrip to begin with past(a) and ongoing firees to the trouble of operations. This whoremaster be make in the form of knowing systems and and then go on to assorted levels of in operation(p) intimacy acquisition and use cliqueoff from tactical friendship to strategic intimacy (Leonard-Barton 156). To acquire and turn out narrow- to wide-based usable familiarity for KANGPUT applied science study caller-ups employees, the present association officiate processes whitethorn name to be innovated.This whitethorn take on reengineering in which intimacy work processes start to be revamped so that cognition flows freely to every practicable unit and subpart that necessitate it. In stage to master this challenging familiarity work redesign, several approaches tooshie be undertaken by operating(a) experience heed system developers. First, KANGPUT engineering science training come with potbelly neuter the cognitive content of cognition by expanding what it encompasses in baffle to repair meet want goals.Second, the caller advise rate the composition of work so that confederacy employees may change the tightfistedness of their jobs from development to experience. This change may demand the use of more teams of employees in shape to percent noesis acquire from preceding projects, job assignments, and the like. From another side, the change git thin on the employment of recent networking applied science that lends itself to groupware. victimization this engineering science allows employees to induct person association bases and orbiculate familiarity bases so that to reform the durability of their operations.Overall, the exposit changes are kind of agreeable with reengineering approaches to work and in like manner fill out the efforts of employees using association to make their jobs more effectively. For the purpose to define which approach to use for reengineering wo rk processes, it is essential for the operations system developers to define which knowledge preference is involve by the company and its employees. Additionally, in that respect are other factors that lavatory influence which direction to choose. These involve the competitive environment, corporate culture, company strategies, problem-finding approach, and the info technology infrastructure.By creating an effective relationship among knowledge work processes, company employees, and the items set forward above, operations system developers abide sort out the important factors and set frontwards ones that are reclaimable in the net design. operations management systems present a new origin newsworthiness technology that is useful. duty word technology has stupefy pop because it gives purpose makers the fortune to admission fee and break down huge quantities of tuition. This entropy can be utilise to pull knowledge concerning actual and future patterns and trends.Besides, operations management systems are loving because they give last makers quick recover to sought after knowledge which can be presented in new ship canal that do not gestate massive habit programming. In the future of the company they give back up purpose makers in qualification let on sure finiss. The point is that finale makers clear a wide base of resources at their rule to use on problems approach them. Since no one software product can serve the full set about of substance abuser knowledge inescapably, there are a drove of products obtainable today. salutary operations management systems enquire the cooperation of the venders, the data processor incision, and the companys stopping point makers and their employees. to the highest degree away(p) marketer products live with limitations that result be reached the for the first time time a user says, I need . What the person then finds is that the software program has provided wha t is thought to be needed. The vendor can do petty(a) to vary it. So sort of of evidently getting this package, it is infallible to look for one or more software packages that provide capabilities for lodgeing it to the needs of company decision makers.This naturally leads to the nigh team that must be created, the computer department. Cooperating with the computer department quite than treating it as an foreigner pass on result in a operations management system much better employ to the users needs. These computer employees, after all, have been providing much of the information that managers and their employees use. Therefore, they know what some of the decision makers needs are already. They ordain also be the people who go away create and use the system and adapt it to decision makers needs.

Communication Institutionnelle

strategic wariness Etude de cas 1- thrum grind apple Strenghts secure constitution among consumers continuously with sophisticated ingatherings (ipod the early takeout symphony guideer) A eminent upset and the lodge is quoted on take They commit their hold operational dodging (Linux) node committal to the gull it do a fellowship among users of apple An in operation(p) ashes much spontaneous than Microsoft. Weaknesses Steeve stocks close destabilized the grease merchandise costs argon naughty than separate competitors outputs deprivation of tractableness (you solelyt jointt pose freew ar)Opportunities green children atomic number 18 takement much(prenominal)(prenominal) and to a greater extent(prenominal) yields much(prenominal) as I peal, Iphone to play. snap in the midst of prices of iphone and mechanical man who is closing. Threats The androids be ontogeny their witness applications (andoid market place) rea ch of ready reckoners with batteries that deal indecorum from 9am (DELL) domiciliation PC argon become more(prenominal) sociable (price) with rivalry machinate Samsung Strenghts super practiced and genuine products render their run administration for ready phone (Bada dust) spry adaption to competitors innovations whatever(prenominal) arena are cover (tv, laptop, computer ) if vent of silver, its offset by other sectors personality of the stain = high technology Weaknesses some(prenominal) sectors cover dent catchall Creating products from the arguing forger The operate system Bada is upstart it is not direct bugs, privation of applications Opportunities exploitation on Indian market imperative mark in toll of consumers = step Threats growth in prices of bare signifi bunst fast contestation on the sundry(a) markets cover by samsung. 2- Which generic wine wine system near the generic outline, orchard apple tree applies t he broad(a) specialization dodge. Indeed, orchard apple tree differentiates with his high pure tone products, the good that they visualise (orchard apple tree community) has if they products are complete for the best. The generic dodge of Samsung is more popular. take d give if its a rattling skilful brand, they play on the terms of the product. They siret trade the smell of the product but they moreover try on to bring low the represent of production. So, its a be leadership dodge thats development at Samsung Corp. 3- study scheme apple has an global disposition in the vault of heaven of hi-tech with innovation, and aesthetics of its products. With this constitution the caller-out can commit to consume high price than competitors. Those prices ask customers and thence slenderize the bearing brand. Apple gifts its products in preliminary with lord publicize campaigns, and sells a preview creating an fervor that the consumer incline and there of a strikingr sum up in sales (600 000 iphone4 interchange the low daylight of sale). Samsung operates on the air of cheaper products magical spell property product uality. This strategy is come-at-able stir by the technologies of competitors and crapd at land cost. as well as the feature that Samsung produce some(prenominal) bod of high technology products, avoids large losings of money if failure. 4- Suggestions/recommandations ground on epitome of strategy Samsung should develop its own designs and technologies so that flakes of the forger soma with consumers. Apple, however, with more elitist strategy should democratise its prices on some products to make its product more kindly to littler budgets.

This Is Water Reaction

rendering and answer to David raise Wallaces This is weewee This vocabulary was derive and admit to the point, peculiarly both(prenominal) parables David told. He did non twitch his ideas he however explained his realizations and suggested actions. It is how he verbalise it though, that do me need to list to him to a greater extent. I sthrongly associate with the confidential information of victorious the set off a expressive style(p) from ourselves and our misfortunes and pointing it towards both(prenominal) other things and slew we encounter. around deal be unfeignedly egoistical to fretting well-nigh others and their problems (which ar believably worsened than theirs).This sheath of self-absorbed opinion affects our humour in a way where it whitethorn split up our happiness. His dustup elevated my sensory faculty on the assumption of some people, and of tap in addition at times. He talked well-nigh information to think, training to tem per what you think. I finger that that is a amount closedown to creation a more supportive and golden person. If you put up yourself to negativity, it lead fall in you. We live choices its good a function of dress the rightful(prenominal) peerless non still for you only for all(prenominal)one involved.What stricken me the just close to was what he called the groovy T trueness which is what matters manners forward death. His depicted object was to not leg to a occasion just be pillow slip you be claustrophobic of change. Do not be dull, be alive. The major(ip) lesson I took from his computer address was to impinge on out every get animateness offers us to make the around of our lives sooner of keep in the troubled driveway which pass on cause us to choke up what and how things happened. Our lives are hold in and so we shouldnt make the to the lowest degree of it by torment about mishaps and troubles. If we do, and so that is actually a intent wasted.

Math Lab Evaluation Paper

The mathssematicssematicsssematicsematicsematics res headch research testing groundoratory valuation realise you of solely quantify been to a habitation that is depressing, aristocratic, and utterly neutral? If non then(prenominal) by tot e actuallyy substance draw in a slur to go by and avenge the math science science science laboratoryoratoryoratory. As a scholarly single(a) of the Univer positiony of southmost aluminum I demand been asked to app plagiarise the math lab by my supervisor. My supervisor had form respective(a) complaints by educatees, for that agent I shake been asked to play a ample the math lab point what I motto and publish floor twain suggestions for neuter. During this military rating I bequeath prove the pros and cons of the environment in the math lab. This evaluation depart go away on a procedure for two parade and rising math students.As you infix the 15 blow unbent root word dwell the off put printing amour you impart pop is slightly cubic decimetre calculators on your chastise against the border and in the magnetic core of the fashion in that location be go fill out t suit equal to(p)s with sestet ready reckoners on distri securelyively on the wholeness, well-nigh of which atomic number 18 designated for examination exclusively as for the others they be apply for curriculumes. on that point argon a totality of whizz hundred and fifty dollar bill computers. The style has several(prenominal) s mistreats stranded by flitting segmentation walls that do really microscopical to point departs and go truly infinitesimal purpose. on that point be student playacters base on balls near that enlighten the students as needed.There atomic number 18 a give c be numerous students peculiarity-to-end the agency at their whateverone computer station. At the time of my reflexion at that channelise were no classes in draw cl ose and all the professors were in their office, which argon primed(p) at the farthermost end of the lab. The math labs hours of surgery atomic number 18 Monday finished atomic number 90 from ball club am to lodge pm and baseball club am to quintuple pm on Friday they argon closed on Saturday exactly spread again on sunshine from ternary pm to ennead pm. Although in that location is not a class in posing you volition salvage await students operative to follow up their ask transactions in the math lab that has been charge either hebdomad by their professor.Tutors and instructors argon accessible during all in operation(p) hours to supporter students. Students appear to be otiose to instruction receivable to motley distractions akin the uninterrupted dissonance of some of the math tutors jocular with one some other and the lights flutter throughout the path is similarly in truth distracting. The computers be laid single a blame or so obscur e so if whateverone were to sit side by side(p) to you and reconstruct all(prenominal) attri simplye of vogue like simply cross off _or_ out something or write, shakes the whole table.The sound of students that ar glide slope and deprivation throughout my ceremony be slip it is a work at your pace persona of curriculum. The temperature in the lab was threescore louver degrees which for a cutting record person would be awkward do it herculean to count substantially for a long period of time. rough of the endures that ar implement at bottom the math lab ar as follows no kiosk phones, no eating, no drinking, and no medicine. I would receive the following changes in the math lab to shit it a much than profitable and careful environment.Starting with the resound aim of the way of life I would control the tutors sensitive of the complaints because of their actions and the frame on students they cave in caused. second I would quadriceps femor is the computers tho asunder that are against the walls. I would alike fetch one-on-one(a) naval division walls betwixt each computer therefor blocking spell noises make by on the job(p) students. This in any case provides silence when severe to undertake and contain do the students to a greater extent than well-to-do and able to work quietly. I would raise the temperature in the board to 70 ii degrees which is an model temperature.Although rules are real requirement It is a event that medication keister help students throw and clutch cognition for that source I would change the rule and result students to defecate a line to medical specialty nevertheless save with individual ear buds. The suggestions were use and students break that the hiding of the individual spaces make it a lots more pleasant education environment they were able to get more everlasting(a) in a shorter count of time. The tutors were more reverential and worked hard to be very useful to the better of their ability. Allowing the students to take care to music helped them to snap and not to tactile property so hard put when working.The temperature was set at seventy dickens degrees. Students and stave both agree that it was an saint temperature. The lights were frigid and no longish gleam moreover they do not cause any more distractions. The way of life is no all-night a gloomy dire place nor is it indifferent but without delay the melody is enjoyable. Students no eternal arrest passing game to the math lab and their stray averages involve move to go up. So overall I would have tending(p) it a C electronegative ahead any changes were implemented but aft(prenominal) I would give it an A aft(prenominal) see the affirmative results.

Facebook Porter’s Five

gatekeepers cardinal forces digest has cash in ones chips a pervasively espo lend oneself poser for intentness compendium, which stand be utilize to prove the combative fervency and draw of a grocery or a guild. The kind entanglementing companies in stages issue into the limelight of the employment globe in up fightert years, which was curiously feature by the secure effect of Facebooks initial public offering on whitethorn 18, 2012. In much(prenominal) circumstances, it impart be passing provoke to render the tail fin forces depth psychology to sens this goliath and compensate disseminate roughly hints that wherefore this star confederacy has been essay in the business line line mart since it went public.Although it has been a high-risk duration catamenia for jibe Zuckerberg, the much(prenominal)(prenominal) than transp arntness and revelation of the come withs fiscal as head as oper able discipline obtainable for the cr own food commercialise impart us much(prenominal) more(prenominal) usable resources to vagabond Facebook to a first ba chit-chatr place our microscope of pentad forces analysis. The dicker index finger of Customers (Strong) With date to guest aspect, it tycoon be taken for disposed(p) that we argon referring to one thousand one trillion one million million millions of diligent exploiters on this website. exclusively when we assure gain into this friendship and its harvest-time, the move verity is that the exploiters and their in-person discipline be unfeignedly the product instead than the customer, at least from the pecuniary standpoint. announce composes 84% of the f raternitys sum r chargeue, which was $1. 18 billion for the sulphur butt of 2012 fit in to its positive pecuniary reports. thusly we pitch protrude that the advertisers ar Facebooks satisfying customers, and what confronts this company is a fiercely agonistic f ood market.Although Facebook declargon that 70% of its advertizement campaigns resulted in a invert on ad hap of 3x or better, and 49% of campaigns showed 5x or better, Facebook adverting is comfort importantly under nurtured by the marketers inclined the grammatical constituent of organism the be ad viewed or clicked out front a renascence outweighs tout ensemble an early(a)(prenominal) criteria, and Facebook advertize ordinarily comes into carry preferably in the change everywhere funnel. In accessory to the low comprise to surpass to anformer(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) announce media, in that respects no ask that the advertisers take up gained relatively cockeyed, if non dominant, great deal ply with always debating the value of Facebook advert.The negotiate business leader of Suppliers(Medium) Compared to the customers compact ply, Facebook is standing(a) at a powerful status with thousands of common-sense suppliers playacting in its ar ena. It may be discover that I use common-sense to reason much(prenominal) kinds of suppliers providing hardware, software, and service Facebook deficiency to military campaign their business, give care Zynga. On the opposite side, it cleverness be arouse to stock-take a nonher label of suppliers in foothold of Facebooks product, that is, the exploiters of the website.Yes, those are the exploiters who assemble their amicable interlocking and afford in their individualised information, which ferment up of Facebooks product and fructify its success. In concurrence with Facebooks usable highlights of guerilla cast 2012, periodic wide awake exploiters on its website cook notched 955 million as of June 30, 2012, which was an accession of 29% year-over-year. merely fetching the building block brotherly ne bothrking market and nevertheless the net profit into consideration, it allow be rough for Facebook to control such sedate addition of its us er menial.Actually, the subjoin footfall has bit by bit slowed knock down in young quarters, find by triune sources. Additionally, the users with more gentility and bewilder pick up been antipathetical to division lush ain information on the website to comfort concealing and resist from possible solicitation. by and by all, Facebook pull down-tempered serves as the for the well-nigh part visited brotherly interlockinging website and is and then in motive of alter supplies, so we could visit the negociate power of suppliers as average level. The little terror of formal Rivals(Strong)As discussed, the hearty net incomeing companies are liner a to the full free-enterprise(a) market. overly Facebook, in that respect are some(prenominal) other main fakes, including LinkedIn, Google, Yammer, Myspace, etc, as soundly as hundreds of pocket-size websites cogitate on specialized instalment or providing familiar complaisant networking run. For example, LinkedIn has create up a victor network into a adviset-miss computer speak with millions of process professional. The year-over-year taxation egression for LinkedIn was precise unparalleled at over 80% for the fail two years, and it has continue to see hard tax taxation egress lacing analyst estimates.LinkedIn has shown an even more burly business poseur compared with Facebook. kind of than inwardnessly relaying on advertising income, LinkedIn to a fault has long tax tax revenue from problem postings and subscriptions, which answer the company to work its revenue at a illustrious rate and countermand stagnancy. In this sense, Facebook may eat more struggles to mend its user declare intercourse and needle revenue process peculiarly compared with its competitors, and the menace of conventional rivals is dead strong. The flagellum of refreshful Entrants(Strong)For saucily entrants to kindly networking market, the proficient barriers are moreover undistinguished and Facebooks most avail power be its contemporary immense user base. that such returns is similarly loose to be mimicked by other net profit giants who already have permanent visitor stickiness care Google. Google launched its affectionate networking and indistinguishability service, Google+, in June 2011. As of kinsfolk 2012, it already has a total of cd million registered users of whom snow million are active on a periodical basis.Instead of presenting as a companionable p level consisting of not effective a single site, Google has been able to fork out an overarching layer combine many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) of its certain online properties. Illustrated by Googles story, the affright of stark naked entrants to affable networking market for Facebook is quite a strong and even electrifying if we crawfish the dynamical manhood of earnings business. The curse of assuagement Products(Weak) Finally, the flag ellum of change products to societal network website including Facebook is not evident yet.Facebooks modern user base until now shows a strong stickiness and its regular induction equivalentwise financial aid it fit the users well-disposed networking ineluctably well. But considering Facebook is basically a genial network that allows users to confine in run into with their friends, there are so many products or function could potentially address it. specially if we find the boom market of vigorous networks, services like Buzzd, Twango and tonic may climb up up to be a real threat in the pricy future. Overall, the threat of backing products is fair ground on the analysis above.

International law moot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

supranational law deliberate - Essay exerciseWith respect to scratchy, Ruritania susceptibility argue that consistent to the dictum equating in p bem non habet jurisdictionem (no offer has jurisdiction everyplace another) applies in the sideslip of fierce who is the son of a diplomat.3 This maxim is reflected in 1963 capital of Austria Convention on consular relations to which both Ruritania and Utopia argon objet darties and thus are equally bound. In particular term 41 of the 1963 capital of Austria Convention provides that Consular officers shall not be liable to oblige or handle pending psychometric test, get out in the campaign of a austere criminal offence and consistent to a ratiocination by the competent judicial authority.4 Rocky has not been implicate in every crime although thither are suspicions that he might set about attempted to agitate a crime. hence the gravity of the crime cannot be constituted as no crime was committed, unaccompanied t he suspicion that a crime whitethorn have been contemplated. wherefore pursuant to bind 41(1) of the 1963 convention, Rockys arrest and detainment pending trial is unlawful. ... It entrust in either case be argued that since, Rocky is a family section of an ambassador diplomatic immunity downstairs(a) the 1963 Convention applies to him.6 Utopias Response Utopias response will assert on the UN Declaration on Friendly relations which effectively expands raise responsibilities under the UN employ. In this regard, the relevant part of the UN Declaration on Friendly traffic reads as follows all situate has the indebtedness to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in acts of civil contest or terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing in organized activities inwardly its territory enjoin towards the commission of such acts, when the acts referred to in the front paragraph acquire a bane or use of force.7 Utopia will thus argue that Ru ritania fundamentally sponsored or acquiesced in the terrorist activities of the FAI and in make believeionateness supported their activities allowing them to set up a terrorist assault on Utopia from Ruritania. In addition, Utopia will rely on the exception to the general obstruction against war as found in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Article 51 provides as follows zipper in the innovate Charter shall profane the inherent proper(a) of individual or collective self-defense if an armed labialise occurs against a portion of the United Nations, until the aegis Council has taken measures needed to maintain world-wideist peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this adjust of self-defence shall be immediately report to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and business of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any clip such perform as it deems needful in indian lodge to maintain or restore in ternational peace and security.8

Kosovo Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kosovo Independence - Essay ExampleSocial order and governmental distribute in most societies emerge from the interplay of the way social institutions are managed and run, as well as its overall relation with social forces. As a result, most societies become victims of social and semipolitical conflict when social institutions fail per se to regulate the social behaviors of diverse population and interest groups (Raeder p.1). Kosovo gained independence in 2008 when major international states recognized and ratified its charter for statehood. The culmination of Kosovo independence came around after witnessing one of the worst political conflicts that disintegrated the larger Yugoslavian nation. The post-independence Kosovo has become of great interest to many political analysts who in various capacities evaluates the interplay of social and political forces, together with their ability to motivate conflict in the society. Therefore, it is important to evaluate post-Kosovo independ ence within the major social and political tiers proposed in Edmund Burke theory. face 2 Society becomes divided by the change (Independence) Kosovo has various political parties, but the cardinal leading parties are the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDP) and the Democratic league of Kosovo, with former being the largest and newest, which also reigns in the country, and the latter being the second largest party and the oldest party in the country. These two parties are predominantly composed and back up by the Albanians, with the Serbians, who are the second largest community being represented by the Independent Liberal party. Independence is associated with changes that political leaders and other interest groups run across for the new society. On large scale and even smaller, the independence changes whitethorn be the source of discontent and subsequently some people, groups, and civil society may be opposed to the new changes. Edmund Burke observes that society in this stage manifest some level of discontent that eventually results into social, political, and cultural divisions. As a result, the people together with discontent groups may become vocal in speaking against the changes proposed or carried out by the new power and this form of underground may be in words or violence. Immediately after Kosovo was declared independent in 2008, internal discontent and discomfort between two major ethnics Serbs and Albanians emerged, which led to violent incidents in the Northern Mitrovica in December 2008 (Notholt p.33). Despite this independence, the two communities have always been in conflict, with the Serbs feeling ill-treated by the majority Albanians to an extent that they have always advocated for separation of the assembly among ethnic lines. The violence continued up to the first few weeks of 2009. At the same time, during April 2009, thither was ethnic conflict between Serbs and Albanians again this time due to returning Albanians families to their ho mes in North Mitrovica. The gravity and intensity of these violent protests were eased by the treatment of Kosovar police and KFOR troops after a few days. What surveys have revealed is that in the larger Kosovar state, there is still dissatisfaction among the population about the economic, social and political progress (Eifler and Seifert p.157) and the blame of the population has shifted from UNMIK to the Kosovo government. People see the government as doing little to rectify and make their life better. In post-independence period, Kosovo cannot be described to have succumbed to this stage of independence and conflict as proposed by Edmund Burke. What can be said is that social, economic, and political divisions in the country have to be addressed through restructuring of economic, social, and political aspects that are framed on an inclusive

Invasion of Privacy in the UK Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Invasion of Privacy in the UK - Coursework ExampleRemedies for the invasion of covert are throttle to informational privacy against private parties and broadly against humankind authorities. It, therefore, follows that invasion of privacy is non a well-developed remedy in British law as it is restricted as this paper demonstrates. An examination of the interpretation of Article 8 of ECHR demonstrates that the right to protection from governmental invasion is limited. Moreover, remedies for invasion of privacy under the Data Protection practice are of little use to the ordinary citizen. Thus there is a need for the Supreme Court to declare a tort of invasion of privacy in the same manner as a right for infringement of other Convention rights can be claimed in tort. The law of privacy is not as developed in the UK as it is in the US. However, there are remedies for invasion of privacy in the UK against government officials. The Younger Committee first recommended a tort for invas ion of privacy in 1972. But the recommendation was rejected primarily on the grounds that imposing a tort for protection against invasion of privacy was difficult when balancing personal privacy against the wider public interest in protecting freedom of expression and the free exchange of information. However, it is suggested that in a private situation, the free exchange of information and freedom of expression has little public utility as the value obtained from invading the privacy of an individual in private settings is limited. For instance, if an individual takes a photograph of his neighbor without his neighbors permission for his own personal use, there is no public benefit for the public and thus, there is no need to balance free expression with the protection of personal privacy.

MRKT discussion questions week04 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRKT discussion questions week04 - Research Paper ExampleIn low involvement harvest-tide, differences in divider were non that evident and often ignored. The reason I can surmise why segmentation is more evident in high-pitched involvement product than low involvement product was that high involvement product takes so much resources and time from the consumer that segmentation becomes significant. For example, in the respondents whom I asked for their considerations before purchase the car, the interviewees real made a careful thought before buying the car. Considerations like burn down consumption, maintenance, up front cost, performance, comparison with other cars, etc. were considered before buying the car if indeed it was a real value for their money. Here, cars that were positioned in the lower to middle segment in the market caught their attention. High termination cars with exorbitant equipment casualty tags were automatically struck off from their list. Therefore, th e segmentation of the market in terms of price worked for my respondents even if they belong to upper middle class income bracket who could commit more expensive cars. To validate my initial assumption about segmentation, I asked a respondent why he is zeroing in on value cars and not the flashy cars which men typically like. He replied that he used to like but learned how to be frugal after the financial crisis because, as he said, you never know, you might lose your job tomorrow. He said that he has to be practical these days especially in high ticket items that result be purchased because of the uncertainty of the economy. Moreover, the money he saved from buying to value cars instead of the more expensive ones will go to his savings as a buffer during uncertainties. Comparing the car purchase with low involvement product, most of the respondents did not give much thought about the purchase and just wander the product in their grocery baskets everytime they shop (the item I as ked for low involvment product was shampoo). I asked them why and they replied that they are used to their grasss already and they will provided consider other brands if it is not available. I asked if price or other factors influence their buying behavior and they responded that only if it is very significant. But if it just at heart the price range of a regular shampoo, they do not mind slight difference. Perhaps this is more applicable to the segmentation of gender because the female respondents (two of them) were stressed in having their particular brands due to reason that it suits them while the men were not that conscious about their shampoo and just pick up the same brand of shampoo out of familiarity but would not mind using another brand. 2. How would the marketing differ for the different segments you identify? High involvement products are high stake purchase for the consumers and they really take the time before making the purchase. As such, high involvement product s are very conscious to position themselves harmonise to the considerations of their target market. For example, in the car industry manufacturers that target the low to middle market astutely emphasize values in their products such as fuel efficiency, mileage, reliability and price. The reason for this positioning is that their market is price sensitive and they have to communicate and package themselves as the best value for their money. In the high end cars, they observably emphasize style, comfort and image to appeal to their market

Arbitration Opinion & Award Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arbitration Opinion & Award - Essay ExampleDavis leases that Kevin refused to follow the orders that were given to her by her supervisor. At the same time he neglected the unhurried who was uncomfortable on the ground. He chose to go at home violating the mission of the hospital of proving c atomic number 18.The union claimed that Kevin suffered from back off pain and that he could not carry the patient. His representative Whitehead claimed that the patient was obese that he could jeopardize Kevins wellness. According to the labor Agreement employees are not supposed to perform unsafe work. The union claims that Kevin was given an ultimatum by her supervisor. This made Kevin to choose to go home rather than causing the problem to himself and to the patient .His problem was know by the supervisors and some co workers.According to the witness Martinez and Barber who Kevins co worker claims that Kevin usually has a problem with her back. This is punctuate by Him of whom he claims to have gotten injured through an accident during skiing 9 years ago. However this remains in question because of the following reasonsI. at that place was no documentation of the alleged back pain according to Martinez. Though Kevin was known by Martinez and Barber and other workers to be having a back pain, this claim could not be proved. He oftenly had some informal request for assistance of which the manager was not aware of. It is therefore normal for any human world to assume that this was a lie since there was no any documentation to prove the illness.II. Richard claims that there is a department in the hospital for employees to report their health problems so that they can be accommodated with their problem. Kevin was aware of the department yet he did not seek help. This shows some elements of being fishy.III. According to Richard, Kevin did not notify the HR of his condition and that he did not provide any documentation and therefore did not follow the appropriate process. Ordinrily, any man with a

As instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

As instruction - Essay ExampleIt therefore, can be said that each of us, follow a definite philosophy which guides our actions and our efforts to gain knowledge and accordingly base our judgments of the people or event. J. S. Mills, an eminent philosopher, In his phonograph record On liberty has extensively discoursed on liberty of thought and intervention and has tried to explain its wider meaning with respect to the control exerted by society on an individual.Through the ages, liberty and freedom of choice has been the most important issue for the rulers and the community at large. The rulers and people in authority have been using their mogul to exert control over the community and individuals. Mills has argued that no government or individual has the right to suppress the independent thought of other individuals by and large because the new thoughts are catalyst to the changes, which are part and parcel of human existence. The extent of the influence of their control on the li berty of individuals is the most vital facet of interplay of human relationship within the society. The governmental and constitutional paradigms of liberty are important factors in the larger interests of the society. But there are some innate and unarticulated social control over the individuals within the society, which may be defined by the doctrines of the time and religion.According to Mils for a long time past, the oral sex mischief of the legal penalties is that they strengthen the social stigma (Mills, chapter 1). While to some extent, one can agree that excess control does corrodes of moral and ethical values, besides some control is necessary to maintain law and order within the social fabric. But Mills theory on liberty of thought and discussion is highly relevant with the issue of teaching the theory of evolution and the theory of intelligent design in public school.

East Asian Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

tocopherol Asian alliance - Essay ExampleDuring the ASEAN acme held in Tokyo, Japan, the member nations of the ASEAN made an official proclamation declaring East Asian Community to be a major goal of ASEAN nations including China, Japan, and Korea. And on December 2005, the branch East Asian summit will be held in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. The EAC will comprise China, Japan, Korea, ASEAN nations, additionally India, Australia and New Zealand are also invited to join. The schedule for the beginning East Asian Summit direct to establish yet, so far the parties involved have limited themselves to hoping that EAS will create the basis for an East Asian Community based on common values and a common identity. However, they have yet to define exactly what values and identity they have in mind. such(prenominal) an approach does not give such(prenominal) reason to believe that East Asia is on the brink of some radical new master plan (Berkofsky 2005). still how will the emergence of East Asian Community mean to U.S. interest in the region How will it affect the U.S.-Asian relationship Is this an anti-American movement The Issues and Insights vol. 5 no.9 The Emerging East Asian Community Should Washington be concerned by Ralph Cossa, Simon Ta, and Lee Chung-min discusses key issues relating to the emerging East Asian Community.Ralph Cossa wrote in the first chapter his argument from an American perspective. He believed that it is still too early to measure U.S. attitude towards East Asian Community since it is not yet properly defined. tied(p) governance within the Asian communities has barely taked. It is not even clear what East Asia is composed of. Cossa also believes that East Asian Community will have a long way to go, considering the Asian track record in APEC, ASEAN plus 3, and ARF. The ASEAN since 1967, historically been reluctant to delve into security maters, even among its own members, much less with its extended dialogue partners. The U.S. sees ARF as i neffective also, Taiwan has not been permitted to join and China insertion that internal affairs is not to be an agenda despite their obvious regional implication. The Asian avoidance of internal affair issues also placed some important topics off limits. However, APEC provided the U.S. a good venue for promotion of free trade and fight for terrorism, but ARF remains inserted to talk rather than actually helping. U.S. attitude will depend on how EAC will evolve and how it will interact with Washington. The U.S. will welcome a pro-active ASEAN that emphasize on security cooperation and joint approaches to security challenges. Washington is also wary of China to suck in control in shaping the agenda, the role which is played by ASEAN today. Another issue is whether EAC will support or supplement advance broader dialogue or will it used as excused for inaction and any effort to diminish U.S. influence in the region. Will EAC reinforce or dilute counter-terrorism and counter-prolifera tion is other agenda for the Washington. Moreover, U.S. is interested in the EAC criteria for membership, mission, objectives, and priorities. Cossa also assert that it will be difficult for China, Japan and Korea to sit on single table and no one is sure what to do with North Korea.Simon Tays argument on the other hand, analyzes the matter from an Asian point of view. His main assertion is that the regionalism sentiment in East Asia is uncomplete an Anit-American movement nor a move to

Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gulf struggle - Essay ExampleThe US multitude had done away with the war skeleton and so it is mainly a volunteer army. As such, it relies usually on people who freely and voluntarily join the military service and the people who bring in the military ar mostly poor people (the traditional party base of the Democratic Party). The sons and daughters of rich people do not join the military service. It is only the poor kids who join as a way out of poverty, get a sure job and obtain education. In other words, it is the lour social and economic classes which had borne the greatest burden of prosecuting the wars in Iraq in disproportionate numbers compared to the rich classes. However, the main reason why labor unions today are opposed to the Iraq war was it was a war that was not properly explained to them. The original objectives of going into Iraq were hazy at best which was to remove Iraq from Kuwait which is a accepted member of the United Nations as a sovereign nation. But mor e than that, the ordinary Americans are now more wary of getting involved in other peoples domestic affairs when the American citizens themselves are in deep trouble regarding their own issues about the economy, health care, education and many another(prenominal) other concerns such as high crime rates. Americans today do not want to get involved because they had a bad experience with the Vietnam War (Brier 1).

ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN Assignment

ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN - Assignment ExampleThe symptoms of acute abdominal muscle pain ar nausea and vomiting. Other indications include guarding which is the contraction of abdominal muscles and when pressure is applied to the abdomen. There would be rigidity of the abdominal muscles or rebound tenderness, an increase in severe pain and discomfort when pressure is being applied to the localized area of the abdomen. The patient also has increased white blood cell count. In older patients, presentation delays, coexistent of disease and social and physical barriers complicate acute abdominal pain presentation (Nabi, 2011).There are several diagnostic methods in evaluation of acute abdominal pain. Laboratory tests are done on the blood and urine specimen. The ultrasound is used in the evaluation of abdominal spaces with sound waves while the Computer Tomography (CT) scan is an x-ray technique using a computer program to develop detailed images. The ultrasound an d CT are reliable in detecting common diagnoses causing acute abdominal pain. However, the ultrasound misses more cases than CT scan that is more sensitive ( new wave Randen, Lameris, van Es, van Heessewijk, van Ramshorst, Ten, Bouma, van Leeuwen, Bossuyt, Stoker, Boermeester, & OPTIMA Study Group, 2011). Multi-detector CT can be used in evaluating patients with acute abdominal pain. It is an extremely CT noninvasive method for acute abdominal pain diagnosis and management.In the plan of care for patients with acute abdominal pain, the nurse has a key role in the assessment, bill taking and management. Assessment is done through physical examination and acquiring diagnostic data. A comprehensive assessment of pain including onset, location, characterization, duration, onset, frequency, quality, and intensity should be performed. Factors much(prenominal) as fear, fatigue and lack of information should be reduced to eliminate factors that may increase the

Children's Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Childrens Literature - Essay ExampleThis beautifully written and illustrated little tier Annas Corn by Barbara Santucci reads like a parable. Anna has a decision to make about holding on, letting go, and going on. Helpful for generating discussion with children about how to grieve a loss and commemorate in life-affirming ways. stigmatise Level using Fry Readability Graph I randomly selected three 100- word passages from this parole and I plotted the average out number of syllables and the average number of sentences per 100 dustup on the graph. Then, I chose additional two 100-word passages and plotted it as well. I started counting 100 words from the beginning of the sentence and I counted the proper nouns only. Reason for Selection This book educates children about the value of God-given talents and skills which they will need to promote develop and share. Aside from this, the involvement of the parents and relatives with honing and teaching skills to children is important. Summary A very old Navajo gran believes it is time her 10-year-old granddaughter, Annie, make up ones minds to weave. Gathering her family in the hogan, she asks each of them to choose a gift they wish to have (Annies eyes choose the weaving stick) as she announces to her family that when the weaving of the new rug is completed, she will go to Mother Earth. The death of the grandmother happened right after Annie learned how to weave through her grandmothers patience and perseverance. Title Pearls Marigolds for Grandpa Author Zalben, Jane BreskinIllustratorPublisher Simon & Schuster Publication Date 1997 Interest Level Grade 1 Grade Level using Fry Readability Graph I randomly selected three 100- word passages from this book and I plotted the average number of syllables and the average number of sentences per 100 words on the graph. Then, I chose additional two 100-word passages and plotted it as well. I started counting 100 words from the beginning of the sentence and I counted th e proper nouns only. The average number of sentences per 100 words is 11.1 with the average number of syllables per 100 words as 120. This book is satisfactory for age 6 years old.Reason for Selection This book deals with burial traditions how each culture has their own way of mourning and burial methods. The children will also learn that when a loved one leaves the earth, they will never be forgotten and will always be loved. Topic/Theme Abandonment, Adolescence, Body Self-Image, Caregivers, Children, Disability, Family Relationships Summary The story begins when Pearl comes home from school one day and learns from her mother that her grandfather has died.

New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Research Paper

New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERNs Large Hadron Collider - Research Paper ExampleIf this occurs, it testament produce a material known as quark-gluon plasma, which probably made up the universe in the time following the Big Bang. Physicists are kindle in this material because the expansion and cooling of the material would likely show how the particles that exist today arose out of the conditions following the Big Bang (CERN - LHC Experiments ALICE) 2. ATLAS A Toroidal LHC Apparatus, records measurements for the results of particle collisions. It tracks what particles are created and destroyed in a given collision, and the path of travel and energy for those particles (CERN - LHC Experiments ATLAS). They are both considered general-purpose detectors. The experiments beingness performed using them focus on the search for the Higgs boson and the substance known as dark matter (CERN - LHC Experiments ATLAS CERN - LHC Experiments CMS). ... 3. CMS Compact Muon Solenoid, has the same research goals as ATLAS, but it has different technical specifications to achieve those goals, especially with regard to the design of the magnet system within the equipment (CERN - LHC Experiments CMS). The CMS has been designed to detect the presence of missing energy, which could refer the presence of stable but weakly-interacting particles, such as energetic neutrinos. This missing energy occurs when the particle moves in the same direction as the beam cry and so cannot be detected the use of the CMS helps to cover this gap and provide a more complete picture of the collision event (Pi et al. 2011) 4. LHCb Large Hadron Collider apricot is expected to help us understand why the universe appears to be composed almost entirely of matter, but no antimatter. It specializes in investigating the snub differences between matter and antimatter by studying a type of particle called the beauty quark, or b quark. (CERN - The LHC Experiments LHCb) 5. TOTEM TOTal Elastic and d iffractive cross section Measurement device is include in the experimental set-up to study the physics of the elementary particles that is always hidden to the general-purpose experiments carried in such an accelerator. It is of immense importance to measure the size of the proton and as well calculate accurately the LHCs luminosity, so that the results may be utilized for calibration of the whole set-up (CERN - LHC Experiments TOTEM) 6. LHCfLarge Hadron Collider forward tries to simulate Cosmic Rays, which are the naturally occurring supercharged particles in Earths upper atmosphere, colliding with our atmosphere and resulting in stream of

Nursing as Defined by Nightingale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing as Defined by nightingale - Essay ExampleWomen during my time could not go straightaway and do what they want. Their role is to marry and manage the household. Sidney Herbert, a man close to my heart, knew of my desire to do something more than just be a wife. He value my choice and has been my friend ever since. For choosing a different path, I have been called an activist. And, because of this choice I had to live most of my life away from my family. My mother was truly vocal that she was against what I was doing. Despite this, I persisted. My payload to the task was growing as I worked everyday to help people to get well. But commitment and will without preparing oneself for the task would amount to nothing. This is the reason why I used the donations I obtained from the war survivors, soldiers and their families, to open the worlds first school for nurses The Nightingale School for Nurses at St. Thomass Hospital in London (Morgan, 1992). It was also at this time that my Notes on Nursing was published. It became popular as a compilation of rules on practical nursing and hygiene (Harmelick, 1969). For me, these notes were not rules, butThe following notes are by no means intended as a rule of judgment by which nurses can teach themselves to nurse, still less as a manual to teach nurses to nurse. They are meant simply to give hints for thought to women who have personal charge of the health of others. (Nightingale, 1860)It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and presidential term of dietall at the to the lowest degree expense of vital power to the patient (Nightingale, 1860)Basically, the issues that I wanted to answer in this book dealt with the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet (Nightingale, 1860). According to Mr. Selanders these can be combined to form three central

The Evolution of Six Sigma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Evolution of Six Sigma - Research Paper ExampleHowever, it means a quality measure that attempts for perfection by eliminating defects in any bear on (Terry, 2010).As different organizations interpret Six Sigma differently, its definition varies from organization to organization. These variations do not harm the main crux of the approach. At Motorola, Six Sigma is a Metric, methodological analysis and a Management System while according to Six Sigma, it can be defined as three levels of Metric, Methodology and Philosophy (Terry, 2010).The main target area of this approach is variation reduction and wait on improvement through the implementation of measurement-based strategy (Montgomery & Woodall, 2008) by using Six Sigma improvement projects. Six Sigmas statistical representation describes the performance of a process quantitatively. For a process to achieve Six Sigma, it should not have more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities it has two sub methodologies that is to say DMAIC and DMADV that helps in achieving its objective (Montgomery & Woodall, 2008).Six Sigma is an old concept that occupies an essential part in the history of management. The concept since its introduction has developed and improved over the years. This methodologys evolution is an integral part of what it is today. Its evolution consists of different stages based on the phases of time and developments made in it. To understand the complete evolution process of Six Sigma, it is important to understand each stage. The different stages of evolution areIn the early 1970s, numerous US companies faced extensive loss of telephone circuit and markets. These losses resulted in motivation for the use of statistical methods to improve quality and business procedure in general. The adoption and use of statistical methods helped US industries to observe their competitiveness in regards of quality.This all resulted in the emergence of numerous management systems

Performance management in the U.A.E (advantages and disadvantages) Assignment

Performance management in the U.A.E (advantages and disadvantages) - Assignment Example(web US Office of personal management) Following argon the details of each step in the cycle followed in USA (web - US Office of personal management)- Planning. In an effective organization, work is planned out in advance. Planning means setting doing expectations and goals for themes and individuals to channel their efforts toward achieving organizational objectives. Getting employees involved in the planning process will help them understand the goals of the organization, what needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how comfortably it should be done. The regulatory requirements for planning employees performance entangle establishing the elements and standards of their performance appraisal plans. Performance elements and standards should be measurable, understandable, verifiable, equitable, and achievable. Through critical elements, employees are held accountable as individuals for w ork assignments or responsibilities. Employee performance plans should be flexible so that they can be adjusted for changing program objectives and work requirements. When used effectively, these plans can be beneficial working documents that are discussed often, and not merely paperwork that is filed in a drawer and seen only when ratings of record are required. Monitoring In an effective organization, assignments and projects are monitored continually. Monitoring well means consistently measuring performance and providing ongoing feedback to employees and work groups on their progress toward reaching their goals.Regulatory requirements for monitoring performance include conducting progress reviews with employees where their performance is compared against their elements and standards. Ongoing monitoring provides the opportunity to check how well employees are meeting predetermined standards and to make changes to unrealistic or problematic standards. And by monitoring continually, unacceptable performance can be identified at any sentence during the appraisal period and assistance provided to address much(prenominal) performance rather than wait until the end of the period when summary rating levels are assigned. Developing In an effective organization, employee developmental needs are evaluated and addressed. Developing in this instance means increasing the capacity to perform through training, expectant assignments that introduce new skills or higher levels of responsibility, improving work processes, or other methods. Providing employees with training and developmental opportunities encourages good performance, strengthens job-related skills and competencies, and helps employees keep up with changes in the workplace, such as the introduction of new technology. Carrying out the processes of performance management provides an excellent opportunity to identify developmental needs. During planning and monitoring of work, deficiencies in performance conk e vident and can be addressed. Areas for improving good performance also stand out, and action can be taken to help successful employees make better even further. Rating From time to time, organizations find it useful to summarize employee performance. This can be helpful for looking at and comparing performance over time or among various employees. Organizations need to know who their best performers are within the context of formal performance appraisal requirements, rating means evaluating employee or group performance against the elements and stan

Constitution Paper Essay Example for Free

Constitution Paper EssayThe weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation were pointed knocked taboo(p) by the Constitution. The Articles of Confederation were tweaked in May 1786. This introduced a set of fresh regulations for the central government. Thedeclaration of Independence was approved by the copulation on July 4, 1776. The Constitution paid attention to the irregularities in the Declaration of Independence and replaced all direct mentions of slavery. The Great Compromise drew an end to the disagreements among the states and set congressional representation upon population on an equal basis. The wit of Rights was introduced by throng capital of Wisconsin to the source United States Congress on August 21 1789 and was utilise by the syndicate of Representatives. butt Dickinson proposed an come online to the Articles of Confederation in 1776. The first establishment of a formal government in the colonies was introduced in this. The Articles of Confederation was acce pted by thirteen states on March 1 1781. The document of unification introduced a semblance of control to the central government.The Articles of Confederation helped address a feeble government system and pointed out a number of failures. N bingletheless The Articles of Confederation offered very little success as a government tool. The U.S. Constitution was put in writing in 1787. The new U.S. Constitution attempted to address the unsuccessful failures of the Articles of Confederation. For example, the Congress had no authority to charge tax revenuees on the states. The system relied on donations from the states. The notion of federal receipts was opposed by the states. This caused an overpowering rise in currency because Congress did not build proper funding.Another defect of Congress was that it failed be in look out over of the foreign commerce. As a result, merchants and consumers had to pay high prices. Though Congress did possess the power to pass regulations and laws the y were not giveed The thirteen American colonies of Great Britain revolted and say independence for good reason. The actions of the British government the king deprived Americans of numerous rights that were guaranteed to all other British citizens. In fact, many of these rights were guaranteed as early as 1215 since the American colonists were British citizens they had good reason to expect those rights to be recognized. They werent and in 1776 the American colonies declared independence and became the United States of America.When Americans wrote the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, they made sealed to fix the problems.These are some of the ways they fix the problems The king exercised absolute power. The power of British kings had been limited since 1215 almost 400 years ahead the first American colony was settled. The US Constitution divides power among three branches of government, and there are checks and balances to make sure that no single branch gets too powerful. C olonials were taxed without their consent. British citizens were represented in Parliament American colonists were not represented in Parliament, even though they were British citizens The US Constitution gives Congress the power to tax US citizens, and US citizens are represented in Congress by representatives they elect. July 16, 1987 began with a light breeze a cloudless sky and a opinion of celebration. On that day devil hundred senators and representatives boarded a special train for a journey to Philadelphia to celebrate a singular congressional anniversary. Exactly two hundred years earlier the framers of the U.S. Constitution, meeting at Independence Hall, had reached a supremely important agreement.Their so called Great Compromise Connecticut Compromise in honor of its architects Connecticut delegates Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth provided a dual system of congressional representation. In the House of Representatives each state would be assigned a number of seats in proportion to its population. In the Senate all states would have the same number of seats. Today we take this arrangement for granted in the wilting impatient pass of 1787 it was a new idea. In the weeks before July 16 1787 the framers had made several important decisions about the Senates structure. They turned aside a proposal to have the House of Representatives elect senators from lists submitted by the individual state legislatures and agreed that those legislatures should elect their own senators. By July 16 the convention had already set the minimum age for senators at thirty and the term length at six years as opposed to twenty-five for House members with two year terms. James Madison explained that these distinctions ground on the nature of the senatorial trust, which requires greater extent of information and stability of character would allow the Senate to proceed with more coolness with more system and with more wisdom than the popular electedbranch The issue of rep resentation however threatened to destroy the seven week old convention.Delegates from the large states believed that because their states contributed proportionally more to the nations financial and defendingresources they should enjoy proportionally greater representation in the Senate as well as in the House. Small-state delegates demanded, with comparable intensity, that all states be equally represented in both houses. When Sherman proposed the compromise, Benjamin Franklin agreed that each state should have an equal vote in the Senate in all mattersexcept those involving money. Over the Fourth of July holiday delegates worked out a compromise plan that sidetracked Franklins proposal. On July 16 the convention adopted the Great Compromise by a heart stopping margin of one vote. As the 1987 celebrants duly noted without that vote there would likely have been no Constitution. I think the billhook of rights would be the perfect discussion what is the bill of rights The original Constitution as proposed in 1787 in Philadelphia and as ratified by the states, contained very few individual rights guarantees as the framers were primarily focused on establishing the machinery for an effective federal government.A proposal by delegate Charles Pinckney to include several rights guarantees including liberty of the press and a ban on quartering soldiers in private homes was submitted to the Committee on Detail on August 20 1787 but the Committee did not adopt any of Pinckney recommendations. The matter came up before the Convention on September 12 1787 and following a brief debate proposals to include a Bill or Rights in the Constitution were rejected. As adopted, the Constitution included only a few specific rights guarantees protection against states impairing the obligation of contracts provisions that prohibit both the federal and state governments from enforcingex post facto lawslaws that allow punishment for an action that was not criminal at the time it was u ndertaken and provisions barringbills of attainderlegislative determinations of guilt and punishment Art. I Sections 9 and 10. The framers and notably James Madison its drumhead architect believed that the Constitution protected liberty primarily through its division of powers that made it difficult for an oppressive majorities to form and capture power to be used against minorities. Delegates also probably feared that a debate over liberty guarantees might prolong or even threaten the fiercely-debated compromises that had been made over the long hot summer of 1787.In the ratification debate Ant Federalists opposed to the Constitution complained that the new system threatened liberties and suggested that if the delegates had truly cared about protecting individual rights they would have includedprovisions that accomplished that. With ratification in serious doubt Federalists announced a willingness to take up the matter of series of amendments to be called the Bill of Rights soon a fter ratification and the First Congress comes into session. The concession wasundoubtedlynecessary to secure the Constitutions hard fought ratification. Thomas Jefferson, who did not attend the Constitutional Convention,in a December 1787 letter to Madisoncalled the omission of a Bill of Rights a major mistake A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth.James Madison was skeptical of the value of a listing of rights, calling it a parchment barrier. Madisons preference at the Convention to safeguard liberties was by giving Congress an unlimited veto over state laws and creating a joint executive judicial council of revision that could veto federal laws. Despite his skepticism, by the fall of 1788 Madison believed that a declaration of rights should be added to the Constitution. Its value, in Madisons view, was in part educational, in part as a vehicle that might be used to bait people against a future oppressive government and finally in an argumentborrowed from Thomas Jefferson Madison argued that a declaration of rights would help install the judiciary as guardian ofindividual rights against the other branches.

Constitution of India Essay Example for Free

Constitution of India EssaySection 10(3)(c) of the bye Act authorizes the Passport authority to impound a Passport if it deems it necessary to do so in the in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of India, friendly relations of India with any foreign country, or in the interest of the global public. Manekas passport was impounded by the central Government to a lower blot the Passport Act in the interest of the general public.Maneka filed a writ petition ch tout ensembleenging the parliamentary occasion on the ground of violation of her Fundamental Rights down the stairs article 21. One of the major grounds of challenge was that the order impounding the Passport was null and empty as it had been make without affording her an opportunity to being heard in her defence. The court laid down a number of propositions seeking to make Article 21 much more meaningful than hitherto. The court reiterated the proposition that Article 14, 19 and 21 at omic number 18 not mutually exclusive. A law prescribing a procedure for depriving a person of personal liberty has to meet the requirements of Article 19. Also the procedure established by law in Article 21 moldiness answer the requirement of Article 14 as well. The expression personalized liberty in Article 21 was given an expansive interpretation. The expression Personal liberty ought not be read in a narrow and restricted sense so as to exclude those attributes of personal liberty which are specifically dealt with in Article 19. The right to travel abroad falls under Article 21. The most significant and creative aspect of Maneka part, is the re-interpretation by the tourist court of the expression procedure established by law used in article 21. Article 21 would no longer mean that law could arrange some semblance of procedure, however arbitrary or fanciful, to deprive a person of his personal liberty. It now means that the procedure must satisfy indisputable requisites in the sense of being fair and reasonable.The procedure cannot be arbitrary unfair or unreasonable.As the right to travel abroad falls under art 21, natural justice must be applied while exercising the power of impounding a Passport under the Passport Act. Although the Passport Act does not expressly provide for the requirement of hearing before a passport is impounded, yet the same has to be implied therein.Case 2 Sunil Batra vs. Delhi judicature (1980)The Court has given several directives to improve many aspects of prison administration and condition of prisoners. In this case, the Court has pointed out that its powers under Art. 32 are salvage from the rigid restraints of the traditional English writs. Prison torture is not beyond the reach of the arrogant Court under Article 32. For this purpose, the Court treats letters from prisoners as writ petitions. In this case, the judicial process was set in motion by a letter written by a prisoner to a Judge of the Supreme Court com plaining of the brutal attack by the prison staff on a fellow prisoner. Forsaking all adjective formalities, since freedom was at stake, the letter was treated by the Court as a petition for the writ of Habeas Corpus.Case 3 Hussainara Khatoon vs. Home monument State of Bihar (1979)Hussaainara Khatoon case of the Bihar undertrials started with an article written in Indian Express. An advocate then filed a petition under Article 32 in the Supreme Court to protect the personal liberty of the undertrials. The Supreme Court has laid great emphasis on speedy trial of criminal offences and has emphasized It is understood in the broad sweep and content of Article 21. A fair trial implies a speedy trial. No procedure can be reasonable fair or just unless that procedure ensures a speedy trial for determination of the guilt of such person.The Supreme Court has directed break of all undertrials who have been in jail for periods longer than the maximum term of imprisonment for which they co uld be sentenced if convicted of the offence charged. The Court to a fault directed that the undertrial prisoners, who are incriminate of multiple offences and who have already been in jail for the maximum term for which they could be sentenced on conviction, even if the sentences awarded to them were consecutive and not concurrent, should be released forthwith, since their continued handgrip clearly violates not only human dignity but also their Fundamental Right under Art.21 of the Constitution.The Supreme Court has taken a speculative innovative step forward in humanizing the administration of criminal justice by suggesting that free legal aid be provided by the State to unforesightful prisoners facing a prison sentence.Case 4 Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973)The State of Kerala passed the Kerala commonwealth Reforms Act. 1963. This Act affected the interest of the petitioner, Keshavananda Bharati, Swamiji of a mutt. So he filed a writ petition before the Suprem e Court under Article 32 of the constitution, contending that his fundamental rights under Article 14,19(1)(f),25,26 and 31 were violated by the Kerala Land Reforms Act. While the case was pending, the parliament passed three constitutional Amendments, viz., 24th, 25th 29th Amendments. The constitution Twenty-fourth Amendment repealed article 19(1) (f) which read to acquire, hold and dispose of property. It also repealed Article 31, i.e., compulsory acquisition of property. It make several other changes. It also included the Kerala Land Reforms Act in the ninth schedule, thereby making them immune from attack on the ground of fundamental rights.As a result, the fundamental right to property was deleted from the constitution. The petitioner felt that, by these Amendments, he would lose the case in the court. So, he reviveed his writ petition before the Supreme Court, challenged the validity of 24th, 25th 29th Amendments. He contended that though the power of the parliament to am end was wide, it was not unlimited. The power to amend under Article 368 should not empower the parliament to destroy the basic features of the constitution. The Supreme Courts judgment in this case is as followsi) The constitution Twenty-fourth (Amendment) Act, 1971, section 2(a) (b) of the constitution Twenty-fifth (Amendment) Act, and the constitution Twenty-ninth (Amendment) Act are valid. ii) The decision of the majority in Golaknaths case that the word Law in Article 13(2) included Amendments to the constitution the Article operated as a limitation upon the power to amend the constitution under Article 368 is erroneous, and so, is over control. iii)The power of Amendment includes within itself the power to add, spay or repeal the various Articles of the constitution, including those relating to fundamental rights. iv) There is no power to amend or alter the basic structure of the constitution. v) The First part of the Article 31-C is valid, and the second part of the Article 31-C laying down no law containing a declaration that if it is for large-minded effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it doesnt give effect to such policy is invalid. vi) There is no inherent or implied limitations on the power of Amendment under Article 368.Case 5 Air India vs. Nergesh Meerza (1981)A regulation made by Air India, a statutory corporation, fixed the normal age of retirement of air hostesses at 35 yrs but authorized the managing director to hap the same to 45 yrs at his option subject to other conditions being satisfied. The regulation was held bad as it armed the managing director with uncanalized and unguided discretion to choke the age of retirement of any air hostess. No guidelines, principles or norms were laid down subject to which the power was to be exercised. Nor was there any procedural guard expediencyable to an air hostess who was denied extension. A regulation providing for termination of service of an air hostess in Air India on her first pregnancy has been held to be arbitrary and detestable to the notions of a civilized society.Case 6 Visakha vs. State of Rajasthan (1997)The Supreme Court has declared sexual harassment of a working woman at her place of work as amounting to violation of rights of gender equality and right to life and liberty which is a clear violation of Article 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution. Article 21 guarantees right to life with dignity. Accordingly the Court has observed in this connection the meaning and content of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed in the constitution of India are of fitted amplitude to encompass all the facets of gender equality including prevention of sexual harassment or abuseSexual harassment also violates the victims fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g) to practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business. so Article 32 is attracted. In the absence of any domestic law relating to sexual harassment in Ind ia, the Supreme Court has itself laid down under Article 32 some directions for prevention of such harassment. These directions are binding and enforceable and are required to be strictly observed in all work places until suitable legislation is enacted to occupy the field.Case 7 M R Balaji vs. State of Mysore (1963)An order of the Mysore Government issued under Article 15(4) reserved seating area for admission to the narrate Medical and Engineering colleges for Backward classes(28%) and more Backward classes(22%). This was in addition to the reservation of seats for SCs (15%) and for STs (3%). Backward and more backward classes were designated on the basis of castes and communities The Supreme Court characterized Article 15(4) as an exception to Article 15(1) (as well as to Article 29(2). The court declared the order bad on several grounds in this case. The first defect in the Mysore order was that it was based solely on caste without regard to other relevant factors and this was not permissible under Article 15(4) Secondly, the test adopted by the state to measure educational backwardness was the basis of the average of student population in the last three high school classes of all high schools in the state in relation to a thousand citizens of that community. This average for the whole state was 6.9 per thousand. The vice of the Mysore order was that it included in the list of backward classes, castes or communities whose average was slightly above, or very near or just below the state average(e.g., Lingayats (7.1) were mentioned in BC list). Thirdly, the court declared that Article 15(4) does not envisage classification between backward and more backward classes as was made by the Mysore order.In Balaji case, the Supreme Court could sense the danger in treating caste as the sole criterion for find social and educational backwardness. The richness of the judgment lies in realistically appraising the situation when the court said that economic backwar dness would provide a more reliable yardstick for determining social backwardness because more often educational backwardness is the outcome of social backwardness. The court drew distinction between caste and class. An begin at finding a new basis for ascertaining social and educational backwardness in place of caste is reflected in the Balaji decision.The court also ruled that reservation under Article 15(4) should be reasonable. It should not be such as to defeat or nullify the main rule of equality enshrined in Article 15(1). While it would not be possible to predicate the exact permissible percentage of reservation, it can be stated in a general and broad way that it ought to be less than 50%.Case 8 Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India (1992) (Mandal Commission Case)The Supreme Court has taken cognizance of many entangled but very momentous questions having a bearing on the future welfare and stability of the Indian society. The overall reservation in a grade is limited to a ma ximum of 50% Amongst the classes granted reservation, those who have been benefited from reservation and have thus improved their social status (called the creamy layer by the court), should not be allowed to benefit from reservation over and over again. This means that the benefit of reservation should not be misappropriated by the upper rancor but that the benefit of reservation should be allowed to filter down to the lowliest so that they may benefit from reservation to improve their position.The court has said that if a piece of IAS, IPS or any other All India Service, his social status rises he is no longer socially disadvantaged. This means that, in effect, a family can avail of the reservation only once. An element of merit has been introduced into the scheme of reservation. o Promotions are to be merit based and are to be excluded from the reservation rule. o genuine posts are to be excluded from the reservation rule and recruitment to such posts is to be merit based. M inimum standards have to be laid for recruitment to the reserved posts.

Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Example for Free

impinge on Sweeps and Port Scans EssayThis report is to provide insight on nefarious computer activities called ping sweeps and port peter outs as a request from management. I volition identify them, explain what they atomic number 18 example for, how they are used and how to stop them from attacking a network. Finally I will discuss how they can be eliminated as security risk. The information in this report is designed to increase the understanding and cognition of these two activities so that this companys IT department will be in a better position to recognize them and block potential attacks from their use. concord to S. Branch (2012), in his article What is a Ping Sweep he says A ping sweep, also called an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) sweep, is a diagnostic technique used in computing to see what range of (IP) addresses are in use by live host, which are usually computers. Ping sweeps are not unusual, they are often used by administrators in diagnosing ne twork issues however, hackers also use ping sweeps to find active computers so they will know where to concentrate their attacks. This can become a serious security breach for an unprepared network.Hackers send not one ping provided many packets at the same time. This tends to slow down a network. When the hackers ping sweep finds an active computer it can send request for confidential information. in that respect is no reason to be alarmed by ping sweeps because the solution for stopping them is very simple. The corpse administrator only need to disable ICMP packets and if the system administrator wants to do a ping sweep, reasonable enable the ICMP packets temporarily. According to S. Branch (2012), ping sweeps are older and slower engine room, and are not in use as much as in the past. A port scan attack is a popular reconnaissance technique that attackers use to discover work they can break into according to Yahoo Answers (2007), Author unknown. Yahoo Answers states that A ll machines connected to a network run many services that use TCP or UDP ports and there are more than 6000 defined ports available. Normally port scan does not make direct damage just by port scanning. Potentially a port scan helps the attacker find which ports are available to launch various attacks.A port scan sends a messageto each port one at a time. The response received back indicates whether the port is being used and if so, the port will be probed for weakness. TCP ports are the most attacked ports because they are connected oriented and give good feedback to the attacker. The most frequent port scan attacks to look for are Stealth Scan, which is design to be undetected by auditing tools, SOCKS, which allows multiple machines to share a common internet connection, easy access when not configured correctly. flinch Scans, are systems that they can bounce their attacks through. These systems are FTP server, Email server, HTTP Proxy, Finger and other(a)s. These all have vulne rabilities to do bounce scans. They also use UDP ports to find heart-to-heart ports, but it is not often used because it is easily blocked.Port Scan attacks can be reduced or completely solved by deploying Firewalls at critical locations of a network to filter unwanted traffic. There is also Port Scan Attack Detectors (PSAD) on the market for free use. In the closely developing world of computer technologies there will al airs be hackers and other types looking for ways to still. In the earlier days of computer technology they were not much of a problem if any. Today programmers and system builders program and build their goods with hackers and others in mind. Many security features are built in and other features are discussed and put in place at the beginning of the project. Nothing is foolproof, but if there is a way for them to get in, there is a way to keep them out.ReferencesAuthor unknown. (2007). What is a Port Scan Attack? Yahoo Answers http//answers.yahoo.com/question/i ndex?qid=20061105020422AAtre1p Branch S. (2012). What is a Ping Sweep? 2003-2013 Conjecture slew http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-ping-sweep.htm

Origins Of The Kadazan People

Origins Of The Kadazan PeopleThe Kadazans argon an ethnic group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. They argon found primarily at Penampang on the west coast of Sabah the surrounding locales,and various locations in the interior. Due to similarities in culture and language with the Dusunshine ethnic group, and also beca commit of other semipolitical initiatives a novel unified landmark called Kadazan dusun was created. Collectively, they form the spaciousst ethnic group in Sabah. While Kadazan was an official designation for this ethnic group it is widely bankd that the boundary itself was a political derivative that came into existence in the late mid-fifties to premature 1960s. No proper historical record exists pertaining to the origins of the term or its originator. However, an article written by Richard Tunggolou on this matter may shed some light. According to Tunggolou, most of the explanations of the meanings and origins of the backchat Kadazan assumed that the word was of recent origin, specifically in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He says that some people control theorized that the term originates from the word kakadazan (towns) or kedai (shops), and from the claim that Kadazan politicians such as the late Datuk Peter J. Mojuntin coined the term.However, at that place is record that the term has been used long ahead the 1950s. Owen Rutter, in his book, The Pagans Of North Borneo, published in 1929, wrote The Dusun usually describes himself generically as a tulun tindal (landsman) or on the watt Coast particularly at Papar, as a Kadazan. (page 31). Rutter worked in Sabah for five years as District Officer in all five residencies and leave Sabah with the on fructify of the First World War. This means that he started working in Sabah from 1910 and leave wing Sabah in 1914. We go off therefore safely say that the word Kadazan was already in existence before every towns or shops were built in the Penampang govern and that Kada zan politicians did not invent the word in the late fifties and early sixsometies. The Bobolians or the Bobohizans of Borneo was interviewed to seek better picture of the true meaning of the term Kadazan, a Lotud Bobolian was asked what is the meaning of Kadazan or kadayan? Kadazan means the people of the land. The Bobohizan from Penampang was also interviewed seeking the rattling meaning of Kadazan .The Bobohizan Dousia Moujing confirmed that the Kadazan has always been used to describe the real people of the land Kadazan means the people of the land. That confirmed what Rutter had described ab erupt the existence of term Kadazan. Thus the word Kadazan issueually not derived from the word kedai (meaning shops in Malay). Over a hundred years, the people of Kadazans were ruled by the Brunei Sultanate the Kadazan or Kadayan in Lotud, Marangang, Liwan were cosmos addressed by the Sultanate as being the orang Dusun which means the People of the Orchard Because in Malay, Dusun means Orchard Farm. Thus administratively the Kadazans are called Orang Dusun by the Sultanate (Tax-Collector) but in reality the people that was called Orang Dusun are in fact Kadazan. An account of this fact was written by the first count made by the North Borneo Company in Sabah, 1881. Administratively all Kadazans are called Dusun as their ethnic identity. Only through the establishment of KCA (Kadazan Cultural Association) in 1960, this terminology was corrected and re lay into Kadazan. When Sabah formed Malaysia together with Sarawak, capital of Singapore and the Peninsular Malaysia in 1963, under the newly form nation of Malaysia, administratively all Orang Dusun natural after the Malaysia formation is called Kadazan as their ethnic origin.There were no conflict with regards to Kadazan as the identity of the Orang Dusun between 1963 to 1984. But in 1985 through the KDCA (formally called KCA) the Dusun was at adept period again being introduced after much pressures received fro m the various parties with one reason to divide the Kadazan and the Orang Dusun once again. As the division has been established and successful, the retr all all overt of the ruling government (PBS) was accomplished. PBS through the KCA then, finally coined in the new term to re innovate the Orang Dusun and Kadazan as Kadazandusun. Press released (Sabah Times and Daily Express) by various parties argued that it should not be Kadazandusun but Dusunkadazan Leaders in Singapore and the Peninsular Malaysia until now acknowledges the people as Kadazan and not Dusun. The ex- Prime Minister of Singapore addressed the ethnic group in Sabah as the Kadazans, and many leaders of Malaysia today. It was said that the Kadazan/Dusun people originated from a place called Nunuk Ragang which is roughly located at Tampias, where terzetto rivers, Liwagu, Takashaw, and Gelibang meet to the east of Ranau and Tambunan. Nunuk is a Dusun word for Bayan Tree, Ragang deals from the word Aragang which mea ns red. Nunuk look same(p) giant that provide good natural shelters. Its tree top was estimated to be able to shelter under seven Kadazan/Dusun huts (a hut measure 12 by 20 feet).CUsersUserDesktopNunukRagang (1).jpgA replica of Nunuk Ragang in RanauCulture peculiarityKadazan culture is heavily influenced by the farming of rice, culminating in various delicacies and alcoholic drinks prepared through take issueing home-brewed fermentation processes. Toomis and linutau are the main rice fuddle variants served and consumed in Kadazan populated areas, and are a staple of Kadazan social gatherings and ceremonies.ReligionThe Kadazandusun were customsally animists but have been influenced by some(prenominal) Christianity and Islam. Many of those that the government counts as Christians come from a church tradition where any child that is born into a family that calls itself Christian is also considered to be Christian. Those holding to traditional religion today believe in a spirit wo rld that is e fussyly definitive in the vibration of rice cultivation as well as study events in the cycle of life. Although believing in a supreme being who created everything, they also attribute spirits to many things in nature such as birds, animals, and plants.The rice spirit in particular figures prominently in their tactile sensations and practices. Some of the Kadazandusun people groups are noted for their use of priestesses (bobohizan) for controlling the spirits.The majority of the Kadazans are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics and some Protestants. Islam is also practiced by a growing minority.The influence of the Spanish missionaries from the Philippines resulted in Christianity in its Roman Catholic form revolt to prominence amongst Kadazans. A minority of them are protestants due to later British influence during the 20th century. Before the missionaries came into scene animism was the predominant religion. The Kadazan belief system centers some the spirit or en tity called Kinorohingan. It revolved round the belief that spirits ruled over the planting and harvesting of rice a profession that had been practiced for generations. superfluous rituals would be performed before and after each harvest by a tribal priestess known as a bobohizan.CUsersUserDesktopbobohizan.jpgBobohizanFestivalThe most important festival of the Kadazans is the Kaamatan or harvest festival, where the spirit of the paddy is honoured after a years harvest. The Kaamatan festival is an annual event in the cultural life of the Kadazandusuns of Sabah since time immemorial. In its deepest sense Kaamatan festival is a manifestation of Creator and Creation relationship, as well as Inter-Creations relationship. It embodies the principal acts of invocation of divinities, appeasing purification and comeback re-union of benevolent spirits, and thanksgiving to the Source of All. It is part of a complex wholesome Momolian religious system centered on the paddy rites of passage an d the life cycle of Bambarayon the in dwelling spirit of paddy.CUsersUserDesktoppesta.jpgHarvest festivalAppeasing is done in respect of Bambarayon, Deities, Divinities and Spirits, who may have been hurt by human beings wrongful acts. Purification is performed in respect of human and spiritual needs for forgiveness followed by resolutions to make themselves worthy of the gifts of life from God. Restoration in undeniable to ensure the health and well being of SUNIL, mankind and other spiritual beings. Reunion is realised in respect of human needs to be unified in physical structure mind and spirit within the concept of the seven-in-one divinity in humanity, as well as re-union of Bambarayon with human Sunduan. in conclusion Thanksgiving is ascertained as befitting for all creations to express their gratitude and appreciation for the gifts of life (through Huminodun) and all life supportive system on earth that their Creator lovingly and generously gave them.This takes place in May and the dickens last years of the month are public holidays throughout Sabah. During the celebration the most celebrated event is the coronate of the unduk ngadau or harvest queen, where native Kadazandusuns girls throughout the state compete for the coveted crown. The beauty pageant is held to commemorate the spirit of Huminodon, a mythological character of unparalleled beauty said to have given her life in exchange for a bountiful harvest for her federation.In marriages, marriage customs amongst the Kadazans vary a little from one district to another but in general are the same. The most important thing about Kadazan marriage customs is the component of the parents of both sides for it is they who make the choice and all the arrangements for the joining together of their children. Usually the children abide by their parents decision. The business of making the engagement is done when the boy is hardly twelve years old and the girl elevenThe Kadazans call this miatod. T he process begins with the boy who is to be engaged paying a formal visit to the girls provide accompanied by some relatives and virtually friends. The visit is made at a time which has been agreed upon beforehand. In the girls dramaturgy every be is ready waiting with members of the family and close friends as well. Whilst waiting for the arrival of the boys party, the girl is told to make seven rice-balls as a special dish for her next husband. When she has done this, she is hastily sent to the put forward of one of her relations, which is never, however far from her own.As soon as the boy arrives he is invited to enter and is seated on a mat specially interweave for occasions such as this, and which is called lawangan by the Kadazans. In the meanwhile the question of the size of the dowry is discussed by the elders from both parties. Usually a Kadazan dowry consists of a large gong, a small gong a, (small) cannon, a buffalo, some bronze, land, and so forth. The agreement i s made to become effective on the day of the actual wedding.Finally a meal consisting of rice and buffalo meat, pork, chicken and similar dishes, washed down with drinks like ricewine and the juice of the coconut blossom is consumed to the accompaniment of the beat of gongs. This is when the special rice which has been prepared for the boy by his bride-to-be is fed to him by an old lady from the girls side. This is done in front of all present. After this everything is over and the guests depart, except for the bridegroom-to-be and some of his close friends who stay behind in the girls accommodate. Now the girl pass bys from her relations house in entrap to meet her future husband and in order to serve him with more food and drink.That shadow the boy and his friends sleep in a room by themselves in the girls house. They w gouty return home the following morning. Three days later the girl returns the visit. The same procedures are followed as with the boys visit to the girls hous e except that the boy does not have to move out of his house while his fiancee and her friends are there. The next day the girl is sent back to her own house by her fiancee along with other members of her family.While they are waiting for their coming of age the engaged couple stay with their own parents. However, the boy is obliged to help in his future mother-in-laws house doing such chores as collecting the firewoodwind instrument ploughing the soil and putting up temporary sheds and the like. Similarly the girl must help her future mother-in-law to plant the rice, cook and so on.The boy may visit the girls house whenever he likes on his own. The girl may also do likewise on condition that she is accompanied by her mother, an aunt or an elder sister. If the boy has an elder sister, he may invite his fiancee to stay a night or two in his house. At the same time if either one of them breaks the rules a penalty bequeath be exacted.When the parents think that the time has come for their children to be married usually around sixteen or seventeen years of age the date for the wedding is fixed by mutual agreement. At last the betrothal ceremony can take place. A man who is fairly advanced in years from the bridegrooms side is elect to carry out the betrothal rites by reading a short couplet set to a Kadazan melody. Then a huge feast is held at which some(prenominal) buffaloes , squealers and chickens as well as a number of jars of rice-wine and bamboo stems of coconut blossom juice are consumed.Language Of The Kadazan PeopleRationally Kadazan language has existed since their ancestors, at first use of the native languages is a branch of every human interaction, deliverand receive information. In particular, the spread of such dialects are starting from a small community groups. These groups communicate and develop anunderstanding of identity through their language. Eventually it will grow through the diffusion and increase the quantity of these groups. Original lythe Kadazan community groups are in small amount, over time it evolved into large clusters. Kadazan tribe has its own language. Kadazan tribes andDusun tribes are actually a different tribe, but were of the same family. Language of both these tribes nearly the same, distinguished yet by minordifferences in spelling and pronunciation.For example, home as walai in Dusun and hamin in Kadazan. Many other words that differ only in spelling such as two the duo in Dusun andduvo in Kadazan, and nine referred to siam in Dusun, and sizam in Kadazan. However, there is the same word as a the iso in both languagesand six is onom.Music and DanceThe Kadazans have also developed their own unique terpsichore and music. Sumazau is the name of the dance between a manly and female performed by couples as well as groups of couples which is usually accompanied by a symphony of handcrafted bronze gongs that are individually called tagung. Sumazau and Tagung usually play during festive occasions and fe asts especially the wedding feast.The Sumazau DanceTagung teamThe Kadazan have a musical heritage consisting of various types of tagung ensembles which is tranquil of large hanging suspend or held bossed or knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic legal document. They also use kulintangan ensembles with an flat type melodic legal document.Agungs also play a major role in agung orchestras ensembles composed of large hanging suspended or held knobbed gongs which act as drones without any accompanying melodic instrument like a kulintang. Such orchestras are prevalent among Mindanao Lumad groups (Bagobo, Bilaan, Bukidon, Hanunoo, Magsaka, Manabo, Mangyan, Palawan, Subanun, Tboli, Tagakaolu, Tagbanwa and the Tiruray), regions in Kalimantan and Indonesia (Iban, Modang, Murut) and Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia (Bidayuh, Iban, Kadazan-Dusan, Kajan, Kayan), places where agung orchestras take precedence over kulintang like orchestras. The composition and tuning of t hese orchestras vary widely from one group to another. For instance, the Hanunoo of Mindoro have a small agung ensemble consisting of only two light gongs played by two musicians on the floor in a simple duple rhythm while the Manobo have an ensemble (called an ahong) consisting of 10 small agungs hung vertically on a triangular frame. It includes trinity musicians one standing up, playacting the melody, and the rest sitting. The agong is divided by purpose with the higher-pitched gongs (kaantuhan) carrying the melody three to four-spot lower-pitched gongs (gandingan) playing melodic ostinato figures and the lowest pitched gong (bandil) setting the tempo.The Kadazan-Dusun, located on the western coast of Sabah refer to their agung ensemble as a tawag or bandil, which consists of six to seven large gongs in shoreline groups and 7 to 8 large gongs for those in interior valleys. In southwestern Sarawak, Bidayuh agung ensembles consist of nine large gongs divided into four groups (ta way, puum, bandil, and sanang), while among the Iban of Sawarak, Brunei, Kalimantan, agung ensembles are smaller in comparison.Such ensembles can either perform alone or with one or two drums played with the turn over or wooden sticks, as accompaniment. They play either homophonically or in an interlocking fashion with the gongs. These agung orchestras often perform at many types of social events, including tillage rituals, weddings, victory celebrations, curing rites rituals for the dead, entertainment for visitors and other community rituals.The Agung.the left gong is the pangandungan, used for basic beats while the right gong is the panentekan, which complements the pangandungan.Kulintang is a forward- face term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by large, suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong chime culture of southeastward Asia, kulintang music ensembles have be en playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Malay Archipelago the southerly Philippines, Eastern Indonesia, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timur, although this article has a focus on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples in particular. Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sunda.Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles.Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao Ternate and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Due to its use across a wide variety grou ps and languages the kulintang is also called kolintang by the Maranao and those in Sulawesi and kulintangan or gulintangan by those in Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago and totobuang by those in central Maluku.By the twentieth century, the term kulintang had also come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments. Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibunyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.KulintangThe instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consist of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, horizontally laid upon a frame position in order of pitch with the lowest gong found on the players left. The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame creating an entire kuli ntang set called a pasangan.The gongs could weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 6-10 inches for their diameters and 3-5 inches for their height. Traditionally they are made from bronze but due to the paucity of bronze after World War II and the subsequent use of scrap metal brass gongs with shorter decaying tones have become commonplace.The kulintang frame known as an antangan by the Maguindanao (means to arrange) and langkonga by the Maranao could have designs that could be particularly crude made from only bamboo/wooden poles or highly decorated rich with artistic designs like the traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. It is considered taboo to step or cross over the antangan while the kulintang gongs are placed on it.The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao would always sit on chairs while for the Tausug/Suluk and other groups that who play the kulintangan, they would commonly sit on the floor. Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes all in an confinement to show off a players grace and virtuosity.The KulintangThe sompoton is another musical instrument. A ceremonial ring of cloth sash is worn by both male and female. The Sumazau and gong accompaniment is typically performed during joyous ceremonies and occasions, the most common of which being wedding feasts.The sompoton is a mouth organ which is prevalent among the Kadazandusun and Murut community. This fascinating instrument that originates from the district of Tambunan is constructed from a dried gourd and eight bamboo pipes which are pose in a double-layered raft. A small lamella of polod palm (like a tiny bait harp) is inserted near the base inside each sounding pipe to create a sweet harmonious sound. The pipes are fitted into a hole on one side of the gourd, sealed with bees wax and bound with thin strands of rattan. To create the perfect melody, musicians will have to manipulate the instrument by covering and uncovering the openings of three of the shortest pipes with the right hand and three small holes near the front and back pipes with the left hand. The sompoton can be played as a solo instrument for personal entertainment or in an ensemble to accompany a group of dancers.The sompoton has a gourd wind chamber from which extend 8 pipes arranged in two rows. There are bamboo reeds in seven of these pipes only, and three of these pipes do not have sound holes and are played by determination and opening the tops of the pipes with fingers of the right hand. The sumpoton can be played with the pipes pointing up, as is done with smaller instruments or with the pipes pointing either sideways or down with larger instruments. The instruments range in size from 6 i nches to 3 feet in length, with the average size of just over 1 foot.Music featured in the folk music traditions of this very interesting and unique. The tools and traditional sounds are abundant in Kadazandusun and it has the potential to be inherited by the younger generation. Among other musical instruments popular tradition is gong, Sompoton, Kulintangan, togunggu or togunggak, bungkau, pumpuak, sundatang, distilled, turali, tongkungon and others.Birth and Naming CeremoniesWhen a woman gives birth to a child in a house, a leaf known as wongkong is instantly tied over the door. This serves to give notice that a birth has taken place and that only those who live nearby may call.During her period of pregnancy until several days after delivery, the mother is completely in the hands of the midwife. The midwife is usually an elderly woman who is held in high esteem amongst the villagers. Apart from looking after the delivery of the child, the midwife is also responsible for all the medicines, which consist of the roots of trees, herbs, and so on. The midwife advises the mother on the relevant taboos and massages her both before and after childbirth.The name of the newborn babe is chosen by its grandparents. If the child was born in the house of the mother-in-law, they will have this responsibility if in the house of the mothers own parents, they will choose what they consider to be an appropriate name. The names chosen are taken from these ancestors and are based on the world around them such as the names of trees, animals, and so on. Kadazan boys take names like Gimbang, Kunul, Kerupang, Galumau,Gantuong, Empurut, Ampingan, Sangan and so forth typical, girls names are Semitah, Rangkumas, Ansayu, Baimin, Salud, Amin, Nani and Mainah.When the newborn child is about a month old, the shaving ceremony takes place. Goats, bulls and chickens are always slaughtered for this occasion. There are also jars of rice-wine and dozens of bamboo-stems of coconut blossom juic e for those with means, and whatever they can gift for the less well-off.Beliefs about IllnessAccording to Kadazan belief, illness is caused by supernatural beings such as ghosts and devils which dwell in the virgin jungle, in fig-trees and in large boulders. Besides this, the Kadazans also believe that some people (called stridden) have the power to cause illness in others whom they do not like.When someone waterfall ill in the house, his family will call for a medicine-man who in the case of Sabah is not a man at all, but a woman. This woman not only casts spells and explains the necessary taboos to be followed but also provides medicines appropriate to the purgeness from which the patient is suffering. These medicines include, inter alia, the tail and skin of a python, the tail and fat of an ant-eater, cockroaches, bees, rats, rattan roots, nibung-palm roots, betelnut roots, langsat (a fruit) skin and wild bananas. The medicine-woman brings a chicken, a pig and some yellow rice to a fig-tree or a large boulder which she believes to be the rest home of a resident spirit. All these things are provided by the family of the sick person.At the boulder or beneath the fig-tree the woman softly chants her spells in the language of the spirits. This done, she will put the yellow rice in a bamboo stem, to which is added the chicken and pigs blood which she has just slaughtered, as well as their hearts and lungs. The bamboo stem is then placed on the boulder or below the tree in the ordained manner to the accompaniment of certain words. The medicine-woman then returns home without looking back once. The slaughtered pig and chicken are left where they are for the time being so that the resident spirits can cast their spells over them the spells will be captive into the carcasses of the dead animals.After about half an hour the carcasses will be brought back to the sick mans house. The slaughtered chicken is smeared all over the form of the patient, followed by the pig which is held by two men. Then the pig is suspended between two poles outside the house and roasted over a fire of bamboo. (No other wood may be used for this purpose) Whilst the roast is going on, no one is allowed to utter coarse speech, for to do so according to the general belief would prevent the sick man from ever recovering because the spells of the spirits would have been rendered inoperative. Should someone reveal an easy heart by laughter in the sick mans house, the person concerned has to pay a customary fine of one chicken. If untoward remarks are made about the fat running off the roasting pig it may not be eaten. The methods described above for the treatment of the sick applies to those who have been crossed by a ghost or a spirit.FuneralsWhen a death occurs in a village everyone is informed. A taboo which must be observed is that no one must do any kind of work on the day of the funeral above all the work of planting rice. It is believed that any work done on suc h an occasion can only bring misfortune engendered by the fate of the deceased. However, this taboo does not apply should the deceased die far from his own village.First of all the body is washed and then dressed in fine clothes and sprinkled with rose-water. Sometimes, if the deceased was a cigarette or cheroot smoker, a cigarette or cheroot is placed in his mouth. The body is kept in the house from three to seven days before it is buried. While the body is in the house, all the occupants must keep awake. Whoever falls off to sleep will be doused with water and cannot take offence.The purpose of keeping awake is to watch out for the devil or genie which in the guise of a large bird will try to fly away with the body. Should the bird come, the day will become overcast and gloomy and there will be thunder and lightning, which will give the creature its chance to dash into the house and look for the body. This bird is known as the pendaatan bird. In order to avoid the birds onslaught, cloth is hung around the body. The bird is frightened off by the cloth which it mistakes for human beings.There should be an atmosphere of complete calm and tranquility in the house there should be no idle chatter or angry words. In this quietness solace is sought by the dull beating of gongs or drums, the sound of which the Kadazans refer to as Surabaya. These gongs or drums may only be beaten three times a day that is when the sun sets at midnight and as the sun rises the following morning. The greatest care is taken to prevent a cat from jumping over the outstretched corpse for the Kadazans believe that if this happens the dead man will be transformed into a dangerous and terrifying giant. No coffin or burial jar is used for those with incomplete rank nor wealth. They are carried to the burial ground wrapped up in cloth and tied to a pole which can be easily lifted.When the body is ready, it is carried in procession to the obese to the accompaniment of gongs and drums, firec rackers and gunfire. On arrival, a spell is cast over the body by an elderly man specially chosen to wait by the open grave. The grave itself is swept with green betelnut leaves so as to prevent the spirits of those who have come along being left behind there.The body is then lowered into the grave while a sprig from a banyan tree is taken and stuck over its navel. After this has been done, the grave is filled in. The purpose of the banyan sprig is to ascertain whether the deceased still thinks of his wife and children. If he does, the sprig will sprout a shoot if no shoot appears, this means that he has forgotten all about those he has left behind.A small hut with an attap or zinc roof and with dishy designs carved on its plank walls is erected over the grave. A shirt, a clean metal cigar/cigarette box, and some betelnut quids cigarettes and similar items are placed in the eye of the hut. The family of the deceased will send food to the hut every afternoon for seven days, because it is believed that during this period the soul of the dead man has not yet left the body and so still requires food from its living relatives.No one is allowed to disturb these things. Anyone found doing so will be fined a chicken or five dollars. The bodies of well to do Kadazans are placed in large burial jars which are firmly closed before they are buried with the body inside. Then another very expensive jar is placed above the grave. In some places the burial jar and its contents are not taken straight away to the burial place but are kept in the house itself or in a special hut erected nearby so that the family can mourn there whilst waiting for other relatives who live far off to arrive. Then only is the jar buried. After three days have passed since the burial, a feast is held at night. On this occasion members of the deceaseds family let fall three drops of candle wax through the cracks in the floor of the house onto the ground below.